Structure general
Introductory paragraph
your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph. The introduction does not have to be long: usually two or three sentences are more than enough. What you are asked to do in this paragraph is to introduce the topic of the essay in simple terms, which is usually done by paraphrasing and restating the question you have been given. Additionally, you can also present your plan in one sentence, meaning what you are going to discuss and what the structure will be. If you are asked to give your opinion on a subject, you can state it in one simple sentence at the end of the paragraph and it can serve as a link to the second paragraph.
Two main body/supporting paragraphs
What you ought to keep in mind is that in the main body paragraphs you are tested on your text’s cohesion and this is something you would want to focus on while you practice.
An essay’s cohesion consists of two parts: one is the connection between the different paragraphs and the other is the linking within each paragraph. There is a four-letter acronym to help you remember this: TEDC which stands for Topic, Example, Discussion, and Conclusion. Every paragraph must begin with what is called a topic sentence, a sentence that actually introduces the paragraph’s topic. This sentence is very important for the reader because it introduces him/her to your ideas. Topic sentences also help the reader follow your plan of the essay and your rationale. The next sentences develop and support what you have said in the topic sentence, by discussing the topic and presenting relevant arguments. Just before writing the discussion sentences or at some point later, you can include one or more examples in order to make your case even stronger. The last sentence of the paragraph is a concluding sentence which ideally should lead the reader to the next paragraph, making a smooth transition and gluing the whole text together. (1)Some people argue that zoos are important because of their role in breeding certain species. (2)These people claim that by breeding animals in captivity, zoos are able to help stabilize or even increase the population of certain endangered species. (3)They point to the Giant Panda as an example of this sort of programme, as in China the number of pandas has recently stopped declining. (4)However, for most species breeding programmes don’t actually work, and even when they do it is impossible to return animals to the wild who have been born into captivity. Topic sentence - general statement - present
Supporting sentences (reason, consequence) - extend/explain+result
Example (most specific) - support/example
conclusion paragraph
it doesn't have to be too long: two to three sentences are enough.
Begin your conclusions using a concluding expression, like “to conclude” (you can find more expressions in the vocabulary section of this guide), in order to communicate to the reader that you are about to wrap up your text: this will save you from abrupt endings. In your concluding paragraph, the main point is to restate what you have been arguing in the essay. Start with one or two general sentences that sum up the opinion, solution, or advantages and drawbacks that you have presented. Try to avoid vocabulary repetition as much as possible. You can stop there or alternatively your last sentence can add something new like a proposition or a prediction for the future. Remember that consistency is important, so don’t change your position during the essay writing. Your conclusion and introduction should say similar things, and these should be supported by the main body paragraphs. If your conclusion presents an irrelevant idea, or changes to a different position from the rest of your essay, you will be marked down. A final note: If you don’t want your effort to create a plan to go in vain, make sure while writing the essay that your paragraphs are clearly separated. The best practice is to leave one empty line after each paragraph, but indenting works fine as well. The key is to make the examiner easily distinguish the different paragraphs. If the examiner cannot see them, there is a possibility that you will get a lower mark.
How to prepare general
The topics that you will be asked to elaborate on in writing task 2 come from a wide variety of subjects:
Education, teaching, and educational systems are some of the most common topics in IELTS and they often appear in opinion and problem and solution essays. Criticizing the different subjects that are taught or connecting education to future job prospects come up often as questions. It is considered one of the easiest topics as most candidates are familiar with it. However, always remember to read the question carefully, and don’t just write any answer relating to education. Regarding society and social issues, we usually encounter opinion or discussion essays. A frequent subject that might require some special care regarding the vocabulary is crime, but there are also issues relating to gender, Society is a topic that common matches up with other topics. Work and careers are also topics that are regular in writing task 2 and they might range from opinion and discussion essays to two-part questions, due to their multiple themes. Unemployment and working from home are often found as such questions. Note that in order to write an essay on work and careers there is some specific vocabulary that you should try to incorporate in your essays: words and phrases like interview, ambition, payroll, overtime, and job security ought to be part of your word bank. and people’s relationships with the various social networks are pressing issues today and this is also reflected in IELTS. As a consequence, they can be found in almost every type of task, especially in “advantages and disadvantages” essays as well as discussion essays. New technological inventions, their influence on our lives, and their advantages and problems are recurring topics in task 2. different types of pollution, as well as excessive noise Transport and daily commute are also popular in IELTS exams. Those subjects can often be found in advantages and disadvantages as well as problem and solution essays, but they could be incorporated in every kind of task 2. Look at some sample questions and answers online, and ask if you could write a full response based on your knowledge and language skill. sometimes combined with other interests and activities such as sport and hobbies These are probably more common in the speaking exam, but you sometimes see them in writing task 2, and you should be confident enough to present a satisfactory answer. The protection of the environment and the natural world are very often found in IELTS as they of importance to our world. different types of pollution are some typical examples. Remember that this topic often overlaps others, such as science and society. Just like the work and career related topic, this one requires knowledge of specific vocabulary. You don’t have to be an environmentalist to be familiar with it, but reading some articles on these matters would go a long way. human relationships and happiness and their influence on people might also come up as topics, although they are rather rare. Sometimes you may be asked to comment on what makes people happy, or the relationship between happiness and money. They are mostly encountered combined with other topics (like careers or education). It is clearly stated in the instructions of the task that you are supposed to draw arguments and examples from your own knowledge and personal experience. While that might seem obvious, it is crucial that you are well informed about these subjects. While you are certainly not required to be an expert scientist, you should be able to say a little about pollution and climate change; and, likewise, you needn’t know the intricacies of data science, but you should be able to name a few features of social media.
To help prepare for this sort of writing:
you should read news items daily, and make notes. Not only will you be better informed this way, but you will also become more familiar with the academic language, as well as some useful expressions. Similarly, it is useful to examine model essays to get familiar with all the previously mentioned aspects. Another helpful strategy to expand your vocabulary and word bank while reading articles and model essays is to write down new words and ideas that you encounter. The best practice is to arrange them by topic in order to be able to go back to them and revise them during the days before the actual exam. In addition, writing them down will help you keep them in your memory for a longer period of time. Academic Language
I advise you to read as many academic texts as possible in order to develop not only your vocabulary but also a sense of which words are suitable for an academic essay. I believe that this strategy is much more effective than trying to memorize lists of “academic vocabulary”. It is important to know what exactly is meant by “academic language”: candidates often ask, for example, if they are allowed to use personal pronouns, such as “I” and “my”. There is no set rule about this; however, personal pronouns can make an essay sound a little less formal. Obviously, if you are asked for your opinion on an essay, you should give it. Just remember to avoid overuse of “I think...” There are also certain constructions that can be used to avoid using “I”. You can say, “This essay will argue that...” for one example. Grammar
In the IELTS writing exam you are evaluated not only on the correct use of grammar, but also on the variety of grammatical structures that you can use efficiently to support your arguments. Present simple and past simple are the most commonly occurring tenses, while present perfect may also occur. You should familiarize yourself with the past and present tenses and their precise uses. (All of this can be found in my book, Grammar for IELTS Writing.) Regarding future tenses in IELTS writing task 2, “will” is used in most parts. conditionals are widely used in those essays so that one can speculate on possible actions and their consequences. Consequently, they are often found in cause and effects essays. Speaking about cause and effect essays, modals like “may”, “might” and “can” are very useful in describing possible outcomes, so that you don’t become too absolute in expressing your opinion. Relative clauses are also useful for connecting sentences and ideas and adding some extra diversity to your grammar. Be sure to use the correct punctuation in this sort of sentence, depending on whether the clause is essential or non-essential. Passive voice, when applicable, could be also a plus. Vocabulary
In order to build an extensive word bank, I advise you to read as much as possible: usually, it doesn’t matter whether you read literature, essays, or news articles, as long as you become familiar with typical English expressions, collocations, and phrasal verbs. Make notes as you read, and revise them often. Look up the words in dictionaries and on Google to check for example sentences. Сollocations, meaning words that go together. it is a common mistake among candidates to translate collocations directly from their mother tongue to English, sometimes with disastrous results. The only way to actually learn and memorize collocations is to expose yourself as much as possible to spoken and written English by reading books, watching movies in English, speaking with native speakers etc. Again, make notes and revise not by studying single words, but by studying how they naturally go together. phrasal verbs are unique in every language and you need to immerse in the English language in order to be able to include them in your text. Phrasal verbs can be difficult to learn because the verb in the phrase may not have a meaning similar to that of the full phrases. For example, “to make out” means to hear someone or something, but you wouldn’t guess that from the word “make”. Note that not all phrasal verbs are appropriate to use in an academic context, as many of them are informal, or even slang. Being able to use the right phrasal verbs in your text will add some diversity in your vocabulary which will count positively in your band score. As mentioned in the writing task 1 guide, adverbs are important to your text. They add diversity in your writing by enriching it and they make your arguments sound more convincing and your details sound more precise. You need to practice incorporating them into your writing if they don’t come naturally. One of the biggest problems English learners face with adverbs is not understanding their meaning, but figuring out their placement in a sentence. Positioning an adjective is very simple, but adverbs are incredibly flexible, and their position will change depending upon whether they are single words or longer phrases. Adverbs of frequency (often, sometimes, always) go before the verb, whereas adverbs of manner (thoughtfully, carefully, arrogantly) go at the end of a sentence. Time management tips
In order to improve your performance in time management, you need to observe your timing and practice a lot. For beginners, I propose the following timing practice: pick a writing task, time how much time you spend on each section. Then try again set a limit, and stop after 40 minutes. Observe in both practices, see where you spent most of the time: was it planning, writing the introduction, the main body paragraphs, or correcting your mistakes? Do this more than one time in order to get the most accurate results possible. Then, note down in which sections you need to perform more efficiently and focus on writing them faster next time. If you are consistently slow in a specific part of your essay, practicing it individually can also help: for instance, if you spend too much time on introduction, practice writing only introductions for some time, until you are able to write them in the right time frame (probably around 4 minutes) that you have set for the introduction. Write in what order you like as you might find out that for you it is easier to write the main body paragraphs compared to brainstorming in the beginning and thus you need to modify your time management to your own needs. Whichever time management you decide on, it is crucial that you try to follow the same plan every time that you write an essay. Time management is essential in your practice, in order to build specific habits that you will adhere to in the exam day. A lot of candidates get panicked about not having enough ideas to fill the essay. While what is called “writer’s block” is very rare, if you are worried about not having ideas, you should try to build a bank of them from other essays. Reading model essays helps you understand many views on a particular subject and you can later use some of the arguments in your essays. This is especially applicable to topics like the environment or unemployment. Building a bank of ideas will also increase your self-confidence and thus reduce your chance to have a creative block on the exam day. You should also avoid going too far over the word limit, as this will likely cause you to make more mistakes, and thus reduce your chances of scoring a band 7 (where only 3 grammatical errors are permitted). It is better to spend this time editing your essay. In the event that the time limit is approaching and you haven’t finished your essay yet, spend your last minutes writing a conclusion. Failing to do so will result in a very low band score in the “task achievement” criteria, something to avoid at any cost. Giving one less reason to support your thesis won’t make such a difference, so concentrate on completing the task. Conclusions are easy to write after a little practice, and using those final minutes to conclude your essay could save you from a low score. If you find yourself in the situation of not being able to surpass the word limit, a good strategy is to give more examples. Not only will they provide you with extra words without repeating yourself, but examples will also make your arguments more articulated and convincing. You don’t always have to draw your examples from your own experience or reality. Nobody will fact-check whether your examples are real as long as you make them believable. In any case, both while writing and while checking try not to get diverted from the main topic of the essay and instead focus on answering the question in a clear and accurate way. There is nothing more important than being able to respond to the task and this is something that you should keep in mind both while you are practicing and on the actual exam day. 4-pararaph essay structure could sometimes be limiting. Certain types of question, like problem/solution or the two-part question, may work out better with a 5-paragraph structure.
5-paragraph essay structure allows us to include more ideas in the body of the paragraph (2 arguments against/pro, 1pro/against etc.), which has both advantages and disadvantages, as we shall see. Perhaps paradoxically, it can make structuring easier because, instead of condensing various arguments into a single paragraph, you can instead add a second argument to an additional paragraph. Then again, it is easier to include too many ideas or even to stray off topic with more paragraphs.
The process general
1 min
always carefully read the question and underline the most important words, especially the ones that reveal the topic and specific details of the question. Your first job is to find out what type of task you have been given: is it an opinion essay, a problem and solution essay, or something else? 2 min
If you are asked to give your opinion on a subject, you should decide on your opinion before starting to write. This is the moment to brainstorm ideas and write them down in an abbreviated form to avoid forgetting them. 2 min
Create a writing plan that follows the paragraph structure that you intend to use.
Write down draft of the essay Double Checking - 10 minutes Double checking your essay can save you from countless mistakes and thus you should always leave some time at the end to actually do it. You should absolutely incorporate checking into your practice as well, so that it will have become a habit by the time you take the actual exam. The most efficient way to check your essay is to reread it multiple times, having in mind the four criteria of your evaluation: Task Achievement, Cohesion/Coherence, Vocabulary, and Grammar. Usually, candidates tend to focus only on the last two, forgetting things that are equally important to the final band score. The first and most important thing to check when you reread your essay is whether you have answered all parts of the question. You have to be extra careful about this when you are given two-part question essays as well as discussion essays: in the latter, make sure that you have presented both views. After task achievement, check your essay’s cohesion: does the text flow naturally or do you need to add some linking expressions? Is everything in place or does the course of thought seems kind of confusing? If the latter is true, try rearranging the order of your sentences to make it easier for the reader. As mentioned earlier, grammar and spelling checks come naturally when you are re-reading your text. Regarding your grammar, pay special attention to the singular and plural form of nouns and verbs. In terms of vocabulary, replace some common words with more sophisticated ones but after having finished the essay because looking for this kind of word while writing will make you run out of time before you realize it. In this guide, I have stressed the importance of using academic language but it is equally fundamental that you don’t overdo it: never use words unless you are 100% sure of their meaning because you might use them incorrectly and ruin the meaning. Finally, examine your essay for repetition: replace repetitive words with synonyms, repetitive phrases with other expressions, and eliminate as much as possible concepts or arguments that are mentioned more than once (of course here the introduction and the conclusion are the exception to this rule). There are certain cases when repetition cannot be avoided, but do your best to limit this phenomenon. Check-list to double-checking
Task Achievement
Задание вдумчиво прочитано минимум 3 раза В задании подчеркнуты ключевые слова
Задание перефразировано во вступлении близко к оригиналу, но без повторов слов
Если спрашивают мнение – позиция презентована во вступлении и заключении
Вступление отвечает на все вопросы эссе
Во вступлении нет шаблонных фраз вроде “This essay will discuss ....”
Проверь каждый аргумент по списку:
аргумент презентован кратко во вступлении
аргумент развернут в первом предложении абзаца смысловой части (topic sentence)
аргумент раскрыт в 2-3 поясняющих предложениях
пример в конце параграфа иллюстрирует именно ЭТОТ аргумент
пример в конце параграфа не шаблонный, а действительно развивает аргумент вглубь
аргумент суммирован в заключении
Проверь смысловую часть по списку:
Все предложения одного параграфа последовательно развивают ОДИН аргумент
Каждое следующее предложение развивает мысль ВГЛУБЬ
Каждый параграф отвечает на 1 вопрос эссе (если вопросов несколько )
Нет ли лишних обобщений? (overgeneralization, e.g. “it is important for everybody”)
Проверь заключение по списку:
В заключении суммирована ваша позиция и все аргументы.
Заключение – это суммирование проанализированных аргументов. Нет ли в заключении новой информации, не упомянутой ранее?
В заключении нет нерелевантно информации вроде напутствий и предсказаний как будет развиваться ситуация.
Coherence and cohesion
Нет ли слишком длинных и сложно читаемых предложений? (максимальная длина около 30 слов)
В эссе 4 параграфа: introduction, 2 body paragraphs, conclusion Каждый параграф смысловой части имеет 1 четкую центральную идею
Linking devices использованы корректно (This is because... - причина; As a result, .... - следствие; etc.)
В эссе не используются шаблонные вводные фразы вроде
Нет overuse / underuse в использовании linking devices
В эссе достаточно reference devices (this/these, they, their, the former/latter)
Параграфы линкуются между собой? (Apart from X, Y is also .... / On the one hand ... On the other hand .../ One reason is .... Another point to consider ...)
Lexical resource
Нет ли повторяющихся слов? (если есть – заменяем на синонимы)
Нет ли неформальных элементов? (разговорных идиом и фразовых глаголов, сокращений, обращений «you», сленга, восклицательных и вопросительных предложений)
Использован ли hedging? (“уточняющий язык”: in all countries -> in practically every country, everybody -> many people etc.)
Использована ли академическая и формальная лексика?
Использованы ли формальные идиомы? (in the long run, part and parcel, a key to ..., a golden opportunity)
Использованы ли метафоры? (be bombarded with, the battle against ... will be lost without ...)
Использована ли тематическая лексика? (например, если эссе про global warming: greenhouse gases, carbon emissions etc.)
Проверьте существительные – у каждого есть описательное прилагательное? (например: “it has benefits” -> immeasurable benefits)
Проверьте глаголы – у каждого есть описательное наречие? (например: “it benefits society” -> it immeasurably benefits society)
Grammatical range and accuracy Проверили написание слов?
Проверили согласование подлежащего и сказуемого?
Проверили употребление времен глаголов?
Проверили порядок слов?
Расставили запятые после вводных фраз? Проверили артикли?
Получилось ли вписать несколько сложных структур?
Double Checking - 10 minutes The most efficient way to check your essay is to reread it multiple times, having in mind the four criteria of your evaluation: The first and most important thing to check when you reread your essay is whether you have answered all parts of the question. You have to be extra careful about this when you are given two-part question essays as well as discussion essays: in the latter, make sure that you have presented both views. After task achievement, check your essay’s cohesion: does the text flow naturally or do you need to add some linking expressions? Is everything in place or does the course of thought seems kind of confusing? If the latter is true, try rearranging the order of your sentences to make it easier for the reader. As mentioned earlier, grammar and spelling checks come naturally when you are re-reading your text. Regarding your grammar, pay special attention to the singular and plural form of nouns and verbs. In terms of vocabulary, replace some common words with more sophisticated ones but after having finished the essay because looking for this kind of word while writing will make you run out of time before you realize it. In this guide, I have stressed the importance of using academic language but it is equally fundamental that you don’t overdo it: never use words unless you are 100% sure of their meaning because you might use them incorrectly and ruin the meaning. Finally, examine your essay for repetition: replace repetitive words with synonyms, repetitive phrases with other expressions, and eliminate as much as possible concepts or arguments that are mentioned more than once (of course here the introduction and the conclusion are the exception to this rule). There are certain cases when repetition cannot be avoided, but do your best to limit this phenomenon. How to improve your writing
Task response
Your score will increase if you: pay attention to ALL issues in the essay question write about the issues rather than just the general topic answer the essay question with relevant main points plan your supporting points so they don’t go off the topic Your score will increase if you: have either four or five paragraphs but not more and not less this means you should have two or three body paragraphs only have just one central topic in each body paragraph organise your ideas logically use a range of linking words avoid errors in linking words Your score will increase if you: pay attention to collocations (which verb matches which noun) paraphrase carefully to avoid errors use a range of words appropriate for the topic avoid making errors (errors will lower your score – see table above) avoid using informal language Grammatical Range and Accuracy Your score will increase if you: use different grammar tenses (conditionals, perfect tenses, passive voice, past, future etc) pay attention to word order in your sentences use a range of sentence structures use the correct punctuation (full stops and commas) avoid errors in grammar (errors will lower your score – see the table above) common grammar errors: articles, plural nouns, uncountable nouns, word order) Type 1 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Subtype:
Outweigh → personal opinion Just advantages/disadvantages → no personal opinion Subtype 2 w/o pers opinion → it’s a rare type
Structure 1:
Introduction — 2 sentences paraphrase in synonyms like: positive aspects/negative aspects there are some adv/disadv, present arguments but in general statements, not much words 1 major benefit (e.g. for producers) → Explain + Example 1 major benefit (e.g. for consumers)→ Explain + Result/Example Example — you can make it up - as for me, as for my personal experience; or some academic information, some facts, numbers Result — logical result of the argument what it would lead to As for, On the other hand 1 major drawback (e.g. for producers)→ Explain + Example 1 major drawback (e.g. for consumers)→ Explain + Result/Example Example — you can make it up - as for me, as for my personal experience; or some academic information, some facts, numbers Result — logical result of the argument what it would lead to Sum up the benefits and drawbacks from BPs in a way that 1 benefit + 1 drawback for 1 group (e.g. consumers), and then 1 benefit + 1 drawback for 1 group (e.g. producers) Subtype 1 Pers opinion
A good structure would increase coherence, by creating logical comparisons, connections — On the one hand, on the other hand.
My mistakes:
Currently - present tenses, present simple, present continuous 1 main thought in a sentence not medicine → healthcare Grammar mistakes:
Type 2 DISCUSSION ESSAY (Discuss both of these views and give your own opinion)
Introduction
state your position which side do you support outline 2 arguments 1 for each side Body ph 1
1st side argument + extend + support Side which is not supported should be weakened → however, ... Body ph 2
2nd side argument + extend + support Conclusion
summarize position and both arguments Discussion Essay
“Analyze both sides of this argument” “Discuss this statement.” Discuss both points of view and give your opinion. Pay attention to these expressions as this type of essay is the most probable to be accidentally mixed up with a different type, particularly the opinion essay.
In a discussion essay, you are asked to discuss and analyze more than one view and following this you are supposed to reach a conclusion. On the other hand, in an opinion essay your purpose is to state one opinion (yours) and prove it by presenting relevant arguments and examples. An opinion essay is a subjective matter, while in a discussion essay you are asked to be more objective and write also about opinions of other people. By contrast, in an opinion essay you are not obliged to mention other people’s beliefs, but rather support your own giving reasons and examples. As mentioned before, in a discussion essay you should elaborate on both views and our advice is to write a similar number of words/sentences for each opinion. This will be easy to do if you dedicate one main body paragraph to each point of view. Note that there are two types of discussion essays: the ones that demand from you to just discuss the subject and the others that ask you to also give your opinion. Keep in mind that if an essay doesn’t ask for your opinion you should not give it. In the opposite case, you don’t need to add an extra paragraph for your opinion, but rather make it clear both in the introduction and in the conclusion of your essay.
Перефразируем задание + своя позиция:
While some people assume that ..., I side with those who
claim that ...
On the one hand, it could be argued that ... (точка
зрения, с которой вы НЕ согласны). This is mainly
because ... For instance, ... Therefore, ...
However, I agree with those who believe that ... (точка
зрения, с которой вы согласны). The major reason is
that ... + explain. Thus, ...
In conclusion, although + 1 view, 2 view. Therefore, on
balance, I believe that ... (пишите вашу позицию:
which view do you agree with?)
Home task Discussion essay:
Some people believe that school children should not be given homework by their teachers, whereas others argue that homework plays an important role in the education of children.
Discuss both of these views and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.
always carefully read the question and underline the most important words, especially the ones that reveal the topic and specific details of the question. Your first job is to find out what type of task you have been given: is it an opinion essay, a problem and solution essay, or something else? If you are asked to give your opinion on a subject, you should decide on your opinion before starting to write. This is the moment to brainstorm ideas and write them down in an abbreviated form to avoid forgetting them. — 5 min I believe it’s important — independent work, curiosity, motivation, spaced repetition to retain more information, linkage to the learned material already (neuron ties) not strict boundaries to practice curiosity and application to students reality, flipped class learn theory, practice at home and present it, and then discuss, or practice during class or practice again during class to address questions right away, learn mistakes and work together rather than learn theory during class and then do practical work only at home and alone group work highly important individual home work might be good for discipline and self-management and etc., but students need to learn to work together as well Create a writing plan that follows the paragraph structure that you intend to use. — 20 min Introduction
? Some people believe that school children should not be given homework by their teachers, whereas others argue that homework plays an important role in the education of children. People nowadays argue whether home assignments take a major part in learning process of pupils or it shouldn’t be given at all. state your position which side do you support People nowadays argue whether home assignments take a major part in learning process of pupils or it shouldn’t be given at all. Even though homework regarded as unnecessary by some, I believe it still highly valuable part of learning process. outline 2 arguments 1 for each side independent work can help to understand more about your own learning style, work style, productivity and self-management approaches work during class in groups or doing during class practical tasks might help to ask questions, correct mistakes, get feedback from teacher and classmates, while at home you do it on your own and it can be quite challenging for some students, especially those who has learning difficulties Body ph 1
during homework there is no feedback like in class and it’s bad why it’s bad? → usually theory is given during class, and practical tasks are given for a homework, → it leads to — but often theory can be hard to apply to a task at home while during homework and → lack of feedback you can’t ask teacher at home → can really make it difficult to understand the topic → which can discourage kids from studying why it’s that? → students aka children in order to be motivated to learn should have a feeling that they’re doing fine, they’re doing well, positive feedback loop aka positive reinforcement, core of motivation and dopamine system students with different level of skills or learning difficulties can encounter problems during their home work that would often means they would fell behind → and parents can be frustrated to help students to do their homework, arguing with kids, make them believe even less in themselves → or parents would need to hire tutors to help students to do their homework and why we need teachers then? Side which is not supported should be weakened → however, ... it doesn’t mean that the homework itself should be banned, rather than the types of tasks of homework can be changed and encourage students to have study groups and/or give them clear exhaustive instructions that can support them during the tasks completion as well as make during the class couple of tasks as an example, so pupils will pracrice and have more opportunities to succeed during so-called independent work Body ph 2
independent work can help to understand more about your own learning style, work style, productivity and self-management approaches independent work can help to understand more about your own learning style, work style, productivity and self-management approaches why it’s good? → independent homework completion can give a solid foundation for all future work life as a professional, you’re learning to throw rocks aka project management, goal achievement aka planning and executive functions — deal with distractions, learn to concentrate on your own, cope with challenges, problem solving, , remember goal and maintain interest, emotional inhibition, set of tasks and the order, prioritization, plan the time/resources, analyze the task and understand it, short term memory, search for information, track progress, stop, keep p with deadlines (flex task, do faster, make in a more easier approach), learn from your mistakes (reflection), delegate (formulate task for others), communicate → it leads to greater success in life work and personal aka help to survive why it’s that? → prefrontal area of the brain reasoning, plan, make solutions to hunt, and survive in the wilds to analyze complex data (Vervaeke lecture) boost in cognition, when first people start to make projectile weapons and then start to hunt with it Conclusion
summarize position and both arguments however there is no feedback from teachers, independent work on home tasks teaches students important executive functioning skills that they would require there whole life to survive Write down draft of the essay People nowadays argue whether home assignments take a major part in learning process of pupils or it shouldn’t be given at all. Even though homework regarded as unnecessary by some as doing it kids do not receive immediate feedback which may hinder learning process. I believe it still highly valuable part of learning process because it encourages children to learn work independently and develop executive function skills. On the one hand, while doing homework there is no such immediate feedback like it usually happens during class with teacher and classmates support. So for students it might be challenging to apply theory to practice on their own, which in return can discourage students from studying and worsen learning outcomes. It’s highly important for students’ motivation to have a feeling that they can do well, and have positive feedback loop, positive reinforcement for their studies. However, this doesn’t mean that the homework itself should be banned, rather than the homework should be changed. For example, encourage students to have study groups to do home work together, in a way that won’t consider cheating. As well as make couple of tasks as an example during class, so pupils will practice and have more opportunities to succeed during independent home work. Furthermore, independent work can help pupils to understand more about themselves, their own learning style and self-management approaches, which will give them a solid foundation for all future work as professionals and give meaning for their personal lives as well. This explained in a lecture series about meaning crisis delivered by Professor John Vervaeke, that one of the first cognition skills that humanity developed was an ability to throw rocks, or projectile weapon to hunt for wild animals, birds and fish. These cognition skills, some call them executive function skills, are vital for surviving, doing any task or solve any problem. They are important for mental health as well, it enables people to find their life’s meaning. These are such skills like setting a goal and separating it to sub-tasks in a right order, making priorities, planning resources and estimating time needed for completion, analyzing the task and understanding it, dealing with distractions, learning to concentrate on your own, coping with challenges, problem solving, as well as emotional inhibition, remembering goal and maintaining interest. In conclusion, home assignments necessity and importance can be argued, however I strongly believe it brings more good, than bad. Some say during home tasks there is no feedback from teachers or classmates. But independent work teaches students important executive functioning skills that they would require there whole life to survive and thrive. Double Checking - 10 minutes The most efficient way to check your essay is to reread it multiple times, having in mind the four criteria of your evaluation: The first and most important thing to check when you reread your essay is whether you have answered all parts of the question. You have to be extra careful about this when you are given two-part question essays as well as discussion essays: in the latter, make sure that you have presented both views. After task achievement, check your essay’s cohesion: does the text flow naturally or do you need to add some linking expressions? Is everything in place or does the course of thought seems kind of confusing? If the latter is true, try rearranging the order of your sentences to make it easier for the reader. As mentioned earlier, grammar and spelling checks come naturally when you are re-reading your text. Regarding your grammar, pay special attention to the singular and plural form of nouns and verbs. In terms of vocabulary, replace some common words with more sophisticated ones but after having finished the essay because looking for this kind of word while writing will make you run out of time before you realize it. In this guide, I have stressed the importance of using academic language but it is equally fundamental that you don’t overdo it: never use words unless you are 100% sure of their meaning because you might use them incorrectly and ruin the meaning. Finally, examine your essay for repetition: replace repetitive words with synonyms, repetitive phrases with other expressions, and eliminate as much as possible concepts or arguments that are mentioned more than once (of course here the introduction and the conclusion are the exception to this rule). There are certain cases when repetition cannot be avoided, but do your best to limit this phenomenon. Type 3 Problem and Solution/Cause and Effect Essays
The task presents you with some kind of problem and you are asked to analyze it, and then to propose solutions. To recognize this type of essay, look for the keywords “problem” and “solution”. (In some cases, you will need to find synonyms for these keywords.) • What problems may occur as its consequence?
• How can we solve this problem?
• What are the problems of _____ and what solutions are there? «Highways are useful in order to travel quickly and cover long distances but they also cause problems. What are the problems of motorways and what solutions are there? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.» Problem and solution essays always present you with a troublesome situation in the task. Structure:
Introduction — In order to illustrate this situation in your introduction you need to paraphrase the question. This is not an opinion essay, so in the last phrase of the introduction, we advise you to write about the structure that your essay is going to have, so that it will be easier for the reader to follow your course of thought. Some people call this a “thesis statement”. PARAPHRASE
OUTLINE ARGUMENTS (Problem/Cause/Effect & Solution) BP 1,2 — For problem and solution essays there are two possible structures regarding the main body paragraphs. After introducing the situation in the first paragraph, you can either present all the problems in one paragraph and all the solutions in the other (structure example A), Problem and Solution Essay Example Structure A
Paragraph 1 (introduction): describe the highway situation and say that I will present the problems and after that the solutions Paragraph 2 (supporting paragraph 1): problems that are caused by highways (too much noise, car accidents because of the speed, fewer green areas in order to construct them) Paragraph 3 (supporting paragraph 2): solutions to the previous problems (getting them further from residential areas, maintenance, better planning) Paragraph 4 (conclusion): state that highways cause many problems but there are solution to those that could be planned in order to minimize them, say that this is important as more highways will probably be constructed in the near future or dedicate one paragraph in each problem and its solution (structure example B). Both of these are perfectly acceptable options. Problem and Solution Essay Example Structure B
In the following example, we opted for three supporting paragraphs due to the number of combinations of the problems and solutions. The three paragraphs will be shorter than the two main body paragraphs of the previous structure example.
Paragraph 1 (introduction): describe the highway situation and say that I will present both problems and solution to this Paragraph 2 (supporting paragraph 1): problem 1 (too much noise) and solution 1 (getting them further from residential areas) Paragraph 3 (supporting paragraph 2): problem 2 (car accidents because of the speed) and solution 2 (better maintenance) Paragraph 4 (supporting paragraph 3): problem 3 (fewer green areas in order to construct them) and solution 3 (better planning) Paragraph 5 (conclusion): state that highways cause many problems but there are solution to those that could be planned in order to minimize them, say that this is important as more highways will probably be constructed in the near future This type of question presents you with a situation that can be troublesome, or perhaps a current phenomenon, and asks you to illustrate its causes and effects. “Discuss the causes and effects...” or “How does this affect...?” • What are the causes and effects of this problem?
• Explain the main causes of this problem, and suggest some possible solutions.
• Why is this the case and what can be done to address this problem?
• What are the primary causes of this problem? What solutions can you suggest? Nowadays, people are traveling around the world more than ever. What are the main reasons of this phenomenon? To what consequences does it lead? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Sometimes causes or effects are used in two-part question essays, a different type of the writing task 2 that we will examine later on. Structure:
For cause and effect essays, it is advised to follow the opinion/argument essay structure.
In order to make your opinion clear and justified, you need to present arguments and examples. The latter will also make you sound convincing and help you avoid overgeneralizing. The main body paragraphs should contain your main points that support your opinion. A nice way to organize them is to make one paragraph for every point, supporting it with examples and arguments. Two or three points are enough for your 250-word essay and the time limit. Many candidates are worried about not having the vocabulary and language ability to express their arguments in English in an accurate way. Keep in mind that you don’t have to present your honest opinion. No one will judge you on whether you have told the truth or if your opinion is likeable, but rather on your ability to express and articulate your beliefs in good English. Especially when asked whether you agree or disagree with a statement, it is wise to choose the easiest option. Instead of trying to incorporate fancy ideas in your essay, writing about what you know will help you keep it accurate and clear. Introduction — PARAPHRASE + OUTLINE ARGUMENTS (Problem/Cause/Effect & Solution) BP 1, 2 — Usually, causes and effects are grouped and presented in separate supporting paragraphs. They can also be merged and presented in different paragraphs (one paragraph for cause 1 and effect 1 , then another for cause 2 and effect 2), just like the second structure example of the problem and solution essay. However, our advice is to keep them separate because causes and effects might not be directly related, and grouping them together might mess up your text’s cohesion and create misunderstandings and logical leaps. Although no one will judge you on what kind of arguments you have used, it might lead the examiner to believe that your English is not very good if you make such mistakes, so it is better to avoid them. Causes and Effects Example Structure
Paragraph 1 (introduction): describe increases in travel habits Paragraph 2 (supporting paragraph 1): write about the causes (faster transport, cheaper tickets) + examples Paragraph 3 (supporting paragraph 2): write about the effects (people’s horizons are wider now, bigger tourist industry) + examples Paragraph 4 (conclusion): restate the increase in travel habits and predict that it will continue in the future with the improvement transportation Typical questions: What are causes/effects/solutions? / What causes it / What can be done?
Intro: Перифраз + кратко презентуете аргументы на каждый вопрос:
Если спрашивают решения: An effective measures to improve the situation is…
Если спрашивают проблемы + решения: A major issue(s) connected with… is … which can be addressed by …
Если спрашивают причины причины + последствия: The root cause(s) why this issue arises is (are) .. which results in …
BP1: Topic sentence (презентуете причину/проблему/решение):
• The principal cause of… can be … and this leads to …
• The most critical concern is that in many cases…
• One the most effective approaches to tackle the problem of …. would be to….
(+ 2-3 supporting sentences)
BP2: Topic sentence (презентуете последствие или решение):
One of possible solutions to/effects of ….. can be …
(+ 2-3 supporting sentences)
Conclusion: Суммируете причину/проблему/решение:
In conclusion, one of main problems with … is … and this can be solved through…” or “In conclusion, the most effective ways
to tackle the issue of … are …»
Home task Problem and Solution/Cause and Effect Essays:
People who live in large cities face a range of problems in their daily life. What are the main problems people in cities face and how can these problems be tackled?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.
always carefully read the question and underline the most important words, especially the ones that reveal the topic and specific details of the question. Your first job is to find out what type of task you have been given: is it an opinion essay, a problem and solution essay, or something else? If you are asked to give your opinion on a subject, you should decide on your opinion before starting to write. Anyway this is the moment to brainstorm ideas and write them down in an abbreviated form to avoid forgetting them. — 18:48 min - 18:53 - 5 min lack of green spaces, disconnect from nature soulpreneurship - community nurturing startups SoulCycle founders Create a writing plan that follows the paragraph structure that you intend to use. — 20 min 19:05 - 19:42 - 40 min Intro: Перифраз + кратко презентуете аргументы на каждый вопрос: describe the situation/context People who live in large cities face a range of problems in their daily life. Variety of issues, various make life of urbanites harsh, hard, challenging, complex urbanization caused a lot of issues OUTLINE ARGUMENTS (Problem/Cause/Effect & Solution) A major issue(s) connected with… is … which can be addressed by … Major issues that city dwellers encounter are lack of green spaces and loneliness epidemic Which can be addressed by organizing urban gardens and opening businesses that foster sense of community and belonging say that I will present both problems and solution to this → write about the structure that your essay is going to have, so that it will be easier for the reader to follow your course of thought. Some people call this a “thesis statement”. Further (below) I will present first problem and its possible solution, following with the next problem and its solution. Paragraph 2 (supporting paragraph 1): One of the main concern arising due to urban lifestyle is that in often cases people are disconnected from the nature that leads to poor mental health, issues with air quality, and just not enough places for relaxation and restoration and walking, running and playing meeting with friends One the most effective approaches to tackle this problem would be to create urban gardens
(+ 2-3 supporting sentences) vegetables and greens or flowers using eco friendly approach, leave leaves, use composter for organic waste Paragraph 3 (supporting paragraph 2): Another possible issue that affects more and more urban dwellers today is epidemic of loneliness we do not know our neighbors but having local community is highly important to make locale more resilient One of possible solutions to tackle this isolation can be creating local business that foster senses of community and belonging. For example, SoulCycle founders that did in his business model put heavy stress on creating community around their fitness centers, now created even new project that would center it’s activities exactly on bringing people together and connect them on a deeper level, both offline and online
(+ 2-3 supporting sentences) In conclusion, state that ____ cause many problems say that this is important as _______ In conclusions, rapid urbanization and growth of the cities to even bigger vast metropolian areas causes many various problems to people who live there, and such issues will continue to become more and more important with the growth or urban areas in the future. Суммируете причину/проблему/решение: one of main problems with … is … and this can be solved through…” or “In conclusion, the most effective ways
to tackle the issue of … are …» but there are solution ___, One of the main problems with this is lack of green spaces and this can be solved through The other problem that brings major concerns is loneliness epidemic, which can be solved in a most effective way by creating a community focused local enterprises. Write down draft of the essay Growth of urban areas to vast metropolias caused a lot of issues and made everyday life highly challenging for urban dwellers. Major issues that city dwellers encounter nowadays are lack of green spaces and loneliness epidemic. Which can be addressed by popularizing urban gardening and supporting local businesses focused in communities. Below I will present first problem and proposed possible solution, following with the next problem and its solution. One of the main concerns arising due to urban lifestyle is that in many cases people are disconnected from the nature and green spaces, which leads to lack of places for relaxation and restoration, and decline of air quality. Many think that the most effective approach to tackle this problem would be to create urban gardens. It can be indoor gardens and outdoor ones that can be used to provide access for greens during both winter and summer. Doesn’t matter even if it would be a personal or public projects, will one choose to grow there vegetables and greens or flowers. In general experience of growing plants can significantly reduce stress for any human beings. Another possible issue that affects more and more urban dwellers today is epidemic of loneliness. A lot of people do not know their neighbors, but having strong local ties is highly important to make local community more resilient and happy. One of possible solutions to tackle this isolation can be creating local business that foster senses of community and belonging. For example, SoulCycle founders that put heavy stress in his business model on creating community around their fitness centers, now have developed new add-on project that would create activities for bringing people together and connect them on a deeper level, both offline and online. In conclusion, rapid urbanization and growth of the cities to even bigger vast metropolian areas causes many various problems to people who live there, and such issues will continue to become more and more important with the growth or urban areas in the future. One of the main problems with this is lack of green spaces and this can be solved through urban gardening. The other problem that brings major concern is loneliness epidemic, which can be solved as in a most effective way by creating a community focused local enterprises. Double Checking - 10 minutes The most efficient way to check your essay is to reread it multiple times, having in mind the four criteria of your evaluation: The first and most important thing to check when you reread your essay is whether you have answered all parts of the question. You have to be extra careful about this when you are given two-part question essays as well as discussion essays: in the latter, make sure that you have presented both views. After task achievement, check your essay’s cohesion: does the text flow naturally or do you need to add some linking expressions? Is everything in place or does the course of thought seems kind of confusing? If the latter is true, try rearranging the order of your sentences to make it easier for the reader. As mentioned earlier, grammar and spelling checks come naturally when you are re-reading your text. Regarding your grammar, pay special attention to the singular and plural form of nouns and verbs. In terms of vocabulary, replace some common words with more sophisticated ones but after having finished the essay because looking for this kind of word while writing will make you run out of time before you realize it. In this guide, I have stressed the importance of using academic language but it is equally fundamental that you don’t overdo it: never use words unless you are 100% sure of their meaning because you might use them incorrectly and ruin the meaning. Finally, examine your essay for repetition: replace repetitive words with synonyms, repetitive phrases with other expressions, and eliminate as much as possible concepts or arguments that are mentioned more than once (of course here the introduction and the conclusion are the exception to this rule). There are certain cases when repetition cannot be avoided, but do your best to limit this phenomenon. Type 4 Opinion/Argument Essays
What we call an opinion or argumentative essay is one of the most frequent types of question featured in IELTS writing task 2.
You are given a topic and asked to give your opinion on it, supporting your arguments with reasons and examples. This type of essay can usually be recognized by the question following the topic, which is often along the lines of:
“Do you agree or disagree with this statement”, “How far do you agree with this statement?” “To what extent do you agree with this statement?” or (To what extent do you agree or disagree?) “Express your own opinion.” Direct question — “Which is better?” “Is this (development) positive or negative?” or «Is it a positive or a negative development?» The main point of the argumentative essay is to clearly state your opinion. You are allowed to have a strong opinion about the subject or a more balanced one, but you are supposed to make where you stand on the topic very clear, both in the introduction and the rest of your essay.
In order to make your opinion clear and justified, you need to present arguments and examples. The latter will also make you sound convincing and help you avoid overgeneralizing.
INTRO
Paragraph 1 (introduction): re-state the dilemma and state that I mostly disagree/agree. having presented the topic by rephrasing the given question of the task. Sentence 1- Paraphrasing your opinion should be stated in the last sentence of the introduction. Sentence 2- I agree/disagree that /I believe this is positive/negative…. (answer the question directly) because …. (1st argument) and ..... (2nd argument) BP
BP 1 Topic sentence: The main reason why (restate the position) is that (1st argument extended).
2-3 Supporting sentences: This is because... - As a result.... - For example, …*
(*Причина-следствие это лишь 1 из вариантов развития идеи, для каждой темы он будет разным ) BP 2 Topic sentence: Another point to why I agree that …. is (2nd argument extended).
2-3 Supporting sentences: The reason for this is that … - As a consequence…. - For instance, …
(*это лишь 1 из вариантов развития идеи, для каждой темы он будет разным ) The main body paragraphs should contain your main points that support your opinion. A nice way to organize them is to make one paragraph for every point, supporting it with examples and arguments. Two or three points are enough for your 250-word essay and the time limit.
If you wish to have a less strong and more balanced opinion, you can state an alternative opinion to the one you support, creating a third supporting paragraph. However, remember to keep it brief: the biggest part of your essay should be always your predominant opinion.
END
Restate position: “In conclusion, I agree that...(restate your opinion by directly answering the question)” Summarize 2 arguments: “This is because (paraphrased 1st argument) and (paraphrased 2st argument)”. In the end, conclude your essay with the main points and re-state your opinion: you can also make some prediction for the future here.
Many candidates are worried about not having the vocabulary and language ability to express their arguments in English in an accurate way. Keep in mind that you don’t have to present your honest opinion. No one will judge you on whether you have told the truth or if your opinion is likeable, but rather on your ability to express and articulate your beliefs in good English. Especially when asked whether you agree or disagree with a statement, it is wise to choose the easiest option. Instead of trying to incorporate fancy ideas in your essay, writing about what you know will help you keep it accurate and clear.
Home task: Opinion/Argument Essays
Some people believe that nowadays we have too many choices. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
always carefully read the question and underline the most important words, especially the ones that reveal the topic and specific details of the question. Your first job is to find out what type of task you have been given: is it an opinion essay, a problem and solution essay, or something else? If you are asked to give your opinion on a subject, you should decide on your opinion before starting to write. Anyway this is the moment to brainstorm ideas and write them down in an abbreviated form to avoid forgetting them. — 5 min my opinion, to what extent do I agree or disagree that now we have too many choices? i mean considering where on earth and in what specific market sector and when? my hometown not enough vegetables and fruits and greens during winter for example food waste in the other parts of the world and full supermarket shekves social media too much on the other hand it’s ruining our cognitive skills aka ability to concrete and digest longer content formats and just in general speak and judge critically information ahahah we do not have political choice in the country where i’m from, lol Create a writing plan that follows the paragraph structure that you intend to use — INTRO: re-state the dilemma and state that I mostly disagree/agree. The main point of the argumentative essay is to clearly state your opinion. You are allowed to have a strong opinion about the subject or a more balanced one, but you are supposed to make where you stand on the topic very clear, both in the introduction and the rest of your essay. having presented the topic by rephrasing the given question of the task. Sentence 1- Paraphrasing While more and more people find it’s overwhelming to choose from the varitey we have too many choices. choice fatigue from the various goods/products available on the market it’s overwhelming to choose from the varitey your opinion should be stated in the last sentence of the introduction. Sentence 2- I agree/disagree that /I believe this is positive/negative…. (answer the question directly) because …. (1st argument) and ..... (2nd argument) I agree with that trend mostly, especially in terms of abundance of food products availability, because annual global food waste number is very high and time it takes to choose any item to purchase, like electronics amount of devices are shocking, very confusing information at times too that cubersome the choice. However still we have food deserts, where at times are only limited number of food or goods are available, due to complicated and expensive supply chain routes The main body paragraphs should contain your main points that support your opinion. A nice way to organize them is to make one paragraph for every point, supporting it with examples and arguments. Two or three points are enough for your 250-word essay and the time limit.
If you wish to have a less strong and more balanced opinion, you can state an alternative opinion to the one you support, creating a third supporting paragraph. However, remember to keep it brief: the biggest part of your essay should be always your predominant opinion.
BP 1 Topic sentence: The main reason why (restate the position) is that (1st argument extended).2-3 Supporting sentences: This is because... - As a result.... - For example, …*
(*Причина-следствие это лишь 1 из вариантов развития идеи, для каждой темы он будет разным ) The main reason why I believe we have too many choices currently is that abundance of food products availability (extended) This is because... companies want to increase their profits As a result.... people overbuy, or buy new products to try, but they won’t like it and they might throw it For example, concree cases of overpurchasing might come from stuation where person can buy new products to try, which are coming constatly on the market and then end up disliking it, so he can throw it As a consequence it leads to food waste annual global food waste number is very high thrid of all CO2 and green house emissions comes from agriculture and food sector, and the majority of the emissions in this secor comes from household food waste BP 2 Topic sentence: Another point to why I agree that …. is (2nd argument extended). 2-3 Supporting sentences: The reason for this is that … - As a consequence…. - For instance, …
(*это лишь 1 из вариантов развития идеи, для каждой темы он будет разным ) time it takes to choose any item to purchase, like electronics amount of devices are shocking, very confusing information at times too that cubersome the choice. Another point to why I agree that we have overabiundance of choice, in the consumer market there are so many electronic devices and their producers, The reason for this is again profits coupled with cheapening costs to prduct electronic devices a lot of devices cost cheap but live short time only too That means consumers should spend hours and hours of their time to read all the reviews, or ask their friends in order to understtand what specific model of electronic devise they need and with which funcationality As a consequence we have more and more elctronics waste and precious metals excavation is highetend BP 3 Balanced opposite opinion However still we have food deserts, where at times are only limited number of food or goods are available, due to complicated and expensive supply chain routes and limited number of production companies → considering where on earth and in what specific market sector and when? my hometown not enough vegetables and fruits and greens during winter for example In the end, conclude your essay with the main points and re-state your opinion: you can also make some prediction for the future here.
Restate position: “In conclusion, I agree that...(restate your opinion by directly answering the question)” In conclusion, I do agree that more and more people currently find it’s overwhelming to choose from the variety of choice available to them, although some people in some areas due to poor transportation systems and low production do not have such choice abundance. Summarize 2 arguments: “This is because (paraphrased 1st argument) and (paraphrased 2st argument)”. This is because (paraphrased 1st argument) and (paraphrased 2st argument)”. Write down draft of the essay It’s believed at current time the choice can be overwhelming. I would agree with that statement in the most cases, especially in terms of abundance of choice present in a consumer market. Also, increasing number of marketplaces and online shopping platforms reinstate that believe as well. However, there are still food deserts somewhere. The main reason why I believe we have too many options to choose from currently is that there is an overabundance of food and electronic devices. This happens because companies want to increase their profits, they create more and more new products targeting new markets and consumer groups, sometimes even making very niche and bizzare items and foods. As a result people purchase more than they need, or buy new stuff to try to, which they might end up don’t like and throw it away. And on top of that companies would desing products with shorter life cycles, so items would broke very fast. As a consequence it leads to such issues as food waste, pollution and purchasing choice fatigue. Another point to why I agree that perhaps we have now increasing number of options to choose, especially in a consumer sector, is that online marketplaces conquiring the world. Reasons for this are social media combination with online shopping. That means consumers now see shopping as a form of leisure activity, spending hours and hours of their time choosing next item to purchase and entertain themselves. However still we have food deserts, where at times only limited number of food or goods are available, due to complicated and expensive supply chain routes and limited number of local production companies. In conclusion, I do agree with those people who currently find it’s overwhelming to choose from the variety of products available to them, although some people in some areas due to poor transportation systems and low production do not have such choice abundance. This is because companies produce more types of products in pursuit of growing their profitability and popularization of online marketplaces combined with social media disribution mechanisms. Double Checking - 10 minutes The most efficient way to check your essay is to reread it multiple times, having in mind the four criteria of your evaluation: The first and most important thing to check when you reread your essay is whether you have answered all parts of the question. You have to be extra careful about this when you are given two-part question essays as well as discussion essays: in the latter, make sure that you have presented both views. After task achievement, check your essay’s cohesion: does the text flow naturally or do you need to add some linking expressions? Is everything in place or does the course of thought seems kind of confusing? If the latter is true, try rearranging the order of your sentences to make it easier for the reader. As mentioned earlier, grammar and spelling checks come naturally when you are re-reading your text. Regarding your grammar, pay special attention to the singular and plural form of nouns and verbs. In terms of vocabulary, replace some common words with more sophisticated ones but after having finished the essay because looking for this kind of word while writing will make you run out of time before you realize it. In this guide, I have stressed the importance of using academic language but it is equally fundamental that you don’t overdo it: never use words unless you are 100% sure of their meaning because you might use them incorrectly and ruin the meaning. Finally, examine your essay for repetition: replace repetitive words with synonyms, repetitive phrases with other expressions, and eliminate as much as possible concepts or arguments that are mentioned more than once (of course here the introduction and the conclusion are the exception to this rule). There are certain cases when repetition cannot be avoided, but do your best to limit this phenomenon. Sub-type: Causes/Reasons-Solutions Essay
Home task — Causes/Reasons-Solutions Essay
14.10 начала типо в 15.27 закончила, но я тут отвлекалась, редактирование не особо сделала, так мелкие помарки сделала
и гуглила еще. чтобы вспомнить
Many criminals re-offend after they have been punished. Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.
always carefully read the question and underline the most important words, especially the ones that reveal the topic and specific details of the question. Your first job is to find out what type of task you have been given: is it an opinion essay, a problem and solution essay, or something else? If you are asked to give your opinion on a subject, you should decide on your opinion before starting to write. Anyway this is the moment to brainstorm ideas and write them down in an abbreviated form to avoid forgetting them. — 5 min Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished social exclusion, it’a hard to re-integrate after jail into society hard to get job — not many places who willing to take former convict menal health issues like hard to manage agression and it might push convicts to commit crime again social component - friends and gangs do not let you go easily sysem of jail it’s easier to naviagate than the real world What measures can be taken to tackle this problem? docu movie The Work 2017 South California, mental health boothcamp for men conviceted and not accepting society - Jubilee videos Create a writing plan that follows the paragraph structure that you intend to use — Paragraph 1 (introduction): describe increases in travel habits criminal offenders - crime offenders continue to commit crimes continue pursuing wrong path return back to jail, prison after they have been punished. after they have ben convicted afer they have been put in jail, prison what measures can be taken to tackle this problem? + кратко презентуете аргументы на каждый вопрос:
- Если спрашивают причины причины + последствия:
Если спрашивают решения: An effective measures to improve the situation is…
which can be addressed by … The root causes why this issue arises are .. which results in … Paragraph 2 (supporting paragraph 1): write about the causes (faster transport, cheaper tickets) + examples BP1: Topic sentence (презентуете причину/проблему/решение):
• The principal cause of… can be … and this leads to …
Paragraph 3 (supporting paragraph 2): write about the solutions + examples BP2: Topic sentence (презентуете последствие или решение):
One of possible solutions to….. can be …
(+ 2-3 supporting sentences) • One the most effective approaches to tackle the problem of …. would be to….
(+ 2-3 supporting sentences)
Paragraph 4 (conclusion): restate the increase in travel habits and predict that it will continue in the future with the improvement transportation Conclusion: Суммируете причину/проблему/решение:
In conclusion, one of main problems with … is … and this can be solved through…” or “In conclusion, the most effective ways
to tackle the issue of … are …»
Write down draft of the essay There are many serial crime offerenders, who re-commit their crimes after they have received their punishement. The root causes why this issue arises are challenges former convicts meet in attempts to re-integrate into soceity, including willigness to accept them from society itself and their mental health issues. Effective measures to improve the situation could be social media advocacy and mental health programs. The principal cause of above stated issue can be that society generally is not willing to accept former criminals even after justice had already prevaled and they have been prosecuted. This leads to situation where former convicts can not find steady employment or they pushed to menial jobs where they only make ends meet. And perspective to comit a crime again does not look like a such bad thing. Another reason for such big number of serial crime committers, as one study suggests can be that they might have ADHD (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder). As result they might find it very diffcult to control their emotions and impulses, including issues with anger maangement and short-term thinking, that make them follow their impulses again and again without thinking of the possible consequences. One of the most effective approaches to tackle this problem could be creating social media advocacy campaigns, that could expose that former convicts are people as well. For instance, YouTube channel Jubilee created several social experiment shows where former convicts explain their paths and challenges they meet after prison time. Another possible solution can be in creating mental health programs like the one showcased in the documentary movie The Work (2017), where several prisons in Southern Calfornia run a group therapy sessions to male prison inmates and men from outside to process traumas and discuss healthy masculinity without violence. In conclusion, there can be several reasons why people re-comminting crimes, oned is that society do not accept former criminals and they can't find steady jobs, and another reason can be that criminals might have ADHD and other mental health disorders that can make it's very hard to stop re-offend. However, there can be some solutions as well, like running group therapy and social media advocacy. Double Checking - 10 minutes The most efficient way to check your essay is to reread it multiple times, having in mind the four criteria of your evaluation: The first and most important thing to check when you reread your essay is whether you have answered all parts of the question. You have to be extra careful about this when you are given two-part question essays as well as discussion essays: in the latter, make sure that you have presented both views. After task achievement, check your essay’s cohesion: does the text flow naturally or do you need to add some linking expressions? Is everything in place or does the course of thought seems kind of confusing? If the latter is true, try rearranging the order of your sentences to make it easier for the reader. As mentioned earlier, grammar and spelling checks come naturally when you are re-reading your text. Regarding your grammar, pay special attention to the singular and plural form of nouns and verbs. In terms of vocabulary, replace some common words with more sophisticated ones but after having finished the essay because looking for this kind of word while writing will make you run out of time before you realize it. In this guide, I have stressed the importance of using academic language but it is equally fundamental that you don’t overdo it: never use words unless you are 100% sure of their meaning because you might use them incorrectly and ruin the meaning. Finally, examine your essay for repetition: replace repetitive words with synonyms, repetitive phrases with other expressions, and eliminate as much as possible concepts or arguments that are mentioned more than once (of course here the introduction and the conclusion are the exception to this rule). There are certain cases when repetition cannot be avoided, but do your best to limit this phenomenon. Type 5 Two Questions Essay (Double Question Essay) - to be studied soon
Sub-type: Positive or Negative Development
