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Key Stories, Symbols, and Archetypes:
These symbols and examples highlight waste reduction strategies and their transformative potential in organizations.
How can organizations optimize how they use their resources and how they spend their resources? In this video, we want to understand how production processes and product design can do so and can then, as a consequence, reduce waste in organizations.
First of all, let's have a look at the learning outcomes of this video. We want to:
Let's take a look at a historic case as an example of how an organization really applied strategies to reduce waste and wastages in their company. This is a slide that led to a very strong outcry in the automotive world in the early 1990s. It shows the production of Japanese car manufacturing plants, namely Toyota, compared to organizations from the US or Europe. Most importantly, over the 1980s, a large increase in productivity in these Japanese plants could be observed, going hand in hand with quality also increasing, shown by the number of assembly errors per 100 cars going down.
These numbers were very similar to Toyota plants located in North America, but in both Japanese plants, the numbers were much better compared to US plants in North America and also European plants, where productivity was lower, meaning more hours per car were used in production and quality was also lower, with more assembly errors. What's also very interesting is that if you look at the row at the end, it shows the number of hours that people were trained, and in Japanese plants these hours were much greater. People were also rotating more on the job and suggesting many more ideas for improvement.
This relates to what Toyota at that time was doing to reduce wastages in various forms. They had the idea of having a mission statement and a vision for the organization to really reduce wastages by having high quality, low cost, and spending less time on car production. They did so by having just-in-time processes, where production processes were synchronized across plants and steps inside the plants were synchronized, using less time and organizing everything in a flow. This created a continuous flow in production, reducing time, and limiting work to certain tasks so that fewer errors could occur. By doing it that way, the inventory was reduced, so there was less waste of money by having less material lying around.
They had rules to report deviations from the process or when the process stopped, in order to have continuous improvement for their process standards and product standards, so that fewer errors and wasted materials happened in the end. Ultimately, they wanted to generate very stable processes so that, over time, the demand for materials was smooth because an ongoing process was guaranteed. That also led to less inventory.
The idea comes from martial arts, called "Kata," which is the idea of having small training sessions with a coach who corrects mistakes, improving skills and ways of thinking. This idea was translated into the Toyota production process so that, in small sessions, continuous improvements were established to reduce wastages in the production process. Thus, what we nowadays call "lean management" was implemented.
Lean management refers to the idea that we reduce wastage in our production as much as possible. There are certain principles of lean management that it follows in order to find places where we have wastages. Let's have a look at where we can find wastage in an organization:
In sum, there are many different forms of wastage, and not all of them are related to resource use or resource utilization when it comes to raw material. It's more a bigger understanding in lean management of how to reduce wastages. The good news is there are traditional approaches to tackle the issue of wastages, and we can build upon that to take a closer look at our ecological responsibility and how we can optimize resource utilization.
As we have seen, Toyota had a very special corporate vision. It was not a typical vision to produce the best products for customers to make the most money, but more like: "We, as a company, want to survive in the long run, and to do so we need to improve and develop our products and how we produce them so that they become the best for our customers." It was not about doing day-to-day business and then also improving a little, but that day-to-day business is process improvement. This different perspective is something that we perhaps also need nowadays to optimize our resource usage in organizations.
Now we learned more about Toyota's corporate thinking and how they thought about reducing waste. Taking it a step forward, asking how to introduce sustainability in the production process, we can see that doing so can be done in three parts:
Input and output are more related to the resources and how we use them, and how much we put in. Transformation is more about the logic we apply and how people apply these resources. In sum, it's about getting production more efficient.
We already spoke about the output process and byproducts. Byproducts are secondary products that come with the production of a primary product, for example "SAS" which occurs with production of food plan panels, or industrial waste heat which occurs in many transformation processes. These byproducts are potentially useful for the producing company or other organizations. The best way of dealing with these byproducts is to have eco-efficiency—improving the efficiency of transformation processes and reducing the amount of byproducts. If byproducts cannot be avoided, think about eco-effectiveness: turning previously unused byproducts into input for the same company or other organizations, for example using waste heat to produce energy or district heating, or using sawdust to produce strand boards.
If we consider the idea that there is waste in production and over the product’s lifetime, and we have some waste at the end, there are different ways to handle that waste. From an ecological perspective, there are more preferred ways and less preferred ways. On the left-hand side, we have reduce as the most preferred, then reuse, then recycle, then recover (energy), and the least preferred option is disposal in landfill.
Let's look at these different forms:
Now, how can product development for sustainable product use take place? Product specifications determine the sustainability impact of a product, and the early product design phase is the most important. It determines overall requirements, functionalities, materials, and production processes, considering customer needs and potential impacts along the entire product life cycle.
We introduced terms like eco-efficiency (for example using lightweight materials, energy-efficient components) and eco-effectiveness (using non-toxic materials easy to disassemble and reuse) and also sufficiency (building durable products that can be shared, increasing the lifespan).
Design is a crucial step that affects not only the amount of energy and resources used in production but also in the later use phase. Traditionally, sustainability has been long neglected during product design, which is a problem because decisions made during design affect usage and resource consumption in the usage phase.
For example, in vehicles, using lighter materials reduces energy needs. Proactive considerations of sustainability impacts along product life cycles are not limited to environmental aspects but also have social implications. Certain materials are connected to health issues.
Trade-offs are possible: positive effects in one stage of the product life cycle can lead to negative effects in others. For instance, electric vehicles reduce carbon emissions compared to combustion engines during use, but production and recycling of batteries still pose significant environmental and social challenges.
Finally, assuming the overall level of consumption is stable, we can reduce the amount of resources needed to satisfy these needs by changing how long products last and how intensely they are used. Four potential scenarios are considered: extending product life, ensuring products are used until the end of their technical life, intensifying usage, and increasing capacity usage at a given point in time. Designing products, such as double-decker buses, to increase usage intensity can reduce the overall number of products needed to fulfill the same needs.
Overall, in this video, we learned that acting sustainably and reducing waste can start with a company's overarching vision and can provide a competitive edge. Incorporating lean principles in the production cycle can help organizations reduce waste significantly. Waste reduction can be understood as a spectrum of different options integrated along the entire value chain. Thinking about waste reduction holistically, from design over production to usage and product lifetime, provides ample opportunities to become more sustainable.
We are very much looking forward to our next video.
how can organizations optimize um yeah how they use their resources and how they spend their resources in this videowe want to understand how production processes and product design can do so and can then as a consequence reducewaste of organizations first of all let's have a look at what the learning outcomes ofthis video are first of all we want to explain the ways hierarchy from Reduce Reuse and recycle in a second step wewant to discuss the relevance of product development for sustainable product use and in the last step we aredistinguishing and applying for reduction oriented product useConcepts let's take a look at a historic case as an uh example how anorganization really uh was applying strategies to re to reduce waste andwastages in their company and this is here a slide that really uh yeah uh ledto a a very much outcry in the automotive world in the early 1990s itshows uh the production of uh Japanese car manufacturing plants namely Toyotacompared to uh yeah organizations from the US or Europe Europe and uh mostimportantly here over uh um yeah the 90 80s um a large increase in productivityin these Japanese plants could be observed uh going in hand with uh quality also increasing here by showingthat the number of assembly errors per 100 cars was going going down and uhthese numbers were very similar to Toyota plants that were located in North America but uh in both uh Japaneseplants the numbers were much better compared to us plants and North America and also compared to the European plantswhere productivity um was uh lower so more hours per carwere used in production and the quality was also lower with more assembly errorswhat's also uh very interesting here if you look at the uh the row uh at uh theend here it shows the number of hours uh that people were trained and in Japaneseuh plants uh these hours were much much uh uh greater so much more uh hours uhfor training so um people were also rotating more on the job and weresuggest suggesting um much more ideas for improvement and this is related tothe idea what Toyota at that time was doing to reduce wastages um in uh invarious forms and they had the idea of having uh uh yeah the idea of having amission statement and the vision of an organization that really reduces um wastages by having highquality low cost and uh spending less time on uh car production by having justin time processes um where uh processes of thisproduction were synchronized across plants and steps inside the plants were synchronized so using uh less time uhwhere things were organized in a flow so that also uh there were was a continuousflow in production reducing time thereby also um yeah limiting um yeah work tocertain tasks so that less errors could be done because uh yeah tools had to bechanged very often and so on but also by doing it that way um the inventory wasreduced so also last uh waste of money by having less material lying aroundwaiting until it uh could be used um they uh had uh rules to report uhdeviations from the process or also when the the process stopped in order to uhhave continuous Improvement for their process standards and product standardsso that less um errors and thereby uh yeah uh wasted material um happens inthe end in the end they want to generate very stable processes so that over timealso the demand for materials was somehow smooth because an ongoingprocess was um guaranteed so that that led also to less less inventory and theidea comes from um yeah martial arts that they were implying here called uhKata and cata is uh the idea of having small training sessions with a coach whocorrects mistakes in martial arts thereby uh improving skills uh andimproving ways of thinking and this idea was translated then to the Toyota production process so that um yeah insmall sessions uh yeah continuous improvements um were established so thatwastages in the production process were um uh reduced and thereby uh what wenowadays call lean management was implemented so lean management refers tothe idea that we reduce uh wastage in our production asmuch as possible and there are certain principles of lean management um that itfollows in order to find uh places where we have wastages so let's have a look atwhere where we can find wastage in an organization first of all of course by over production so um over production islike um if we have more folded layers then can be processed or more books thatthe customer has ordered so if we are not producing the exact amount um of products that the customer wants or thatthe processes um yeah can can do but uh having an over production so havingleftovers at the end but it's also a question how we design our facilitiesright how we use the land that we have um whether we have uh yeah very largefacilities where material is just lying around and thereby land is used that wemight not use if we would have been uh if we would have organized things in amore efficient way in transportation we of course can also find wastage for example long Transportation times due toF fluid changes or if material is sted and necessarily so also when we're thinking abouttransportation we can clearly see that there are ways of improvement then we have waiting times so if people need towait um because uh let's say an elevator is blocked or people uh do not followproduction plans that means that uh waiting time occurs which is also uh awastage in production and of course repairs and arrrows can create wastage because incorrect or missing order dataor product damage damage due to transportation and storage or other requirements not taken into account allthese points can lead to like more repairs and more erors that then of course can create wastage then traveltime if people need to travel a lot inside our organization or if they travel a lot without actual tasks beingdone because they have empty runs uh from one uh area to the next then thisis also a source of wastage inside an organization and the last point of course is also inventory so unused workequipment or material not needed in the foreseeable future all these points areum leading to waste in an organization so in some there are many differentforms of wastages um and not all of them are related to Resource use or resourceutilization when it comes to raw material right but it's more a bigger understanding in lean management how toreduce wastages but the good news is there are yeah also traditionapproaches to uh tackle the issue of wastages and we can build upon that inorder to uh take a closer look on our ecological uh responsibility how we canoptimize our resource utilization to do so as we have seen Toyota had a veryspecial corporate Vision so it was not a typical Vision that we produce the best products for our customers to make themost money but Toyota was more uh like we as a company want to survive on thelong run and to do so we need to improve and develop our products and how we produce them so that they become thebest for our customers so it was not that they were thinking about how to do our day-to-day business and then alsoimprove our business a little bit but that our day-to-day business is processImprovement right so it's a different perspective of how yeah this organization was managed and thisthinking is something that we yeah perhaps also need in order to yeahoptimize our resarch usage in organization nowadays so now we learneda little bit more about Toyota's corporate thinking and about how they thought about reducing waste in theirorganization if we're not taking it step forward asking ourself how to um introduce sustainability in theproduction process we can see that doing so can be uh done in three parts firstof all of course sustainability can be relevant in any elements of production so there's not none none element thatcan like uh State without sustainability there is the input uh dimension forexample reduce the amount of input to save raw material substitute virgin material with recycled input uh reducethe amount of harmful or toxic substances so these are points where sustainability can be implemented in theinput process so to say of our production then we have the the process type of transformation so we reallytransforming materials for example by reducing the amount of energy un consumable per unit or output where wecan ensure health safety and a decent working conditions so these are points how to in the transformation phase uh ofour production sustainability can be um included or implemented and then at theend of course in the output so generate less ways produced energy efficient products reduce the amount of unplannedand unused byproducts or extend the product life these are all measures onhow to in the output domain uh yeah introduce sustainability in ourproduction process uh and as we see here input and output is more related to really theresources and how we use them and uh how how much resources we put in there andtransformation is more about the logic that we apply and the people and how the people will apply these resources rightso it's a little bit different here the logic but in some it's about uh gettingproduction more um efficient and we already spoke a littlebit about the output process and the byproduct so focusing a little bit more on these so-called byproducts byproducts are secondary Products that come with production of a primary product for example SAS which occurswith production of food plan panels or uh Industrial Waste heat which occurs inmany transformation proc processes so by products are products that are occurring or um that are like coming out of theprimary product production process and these byproducts are potentially usefulfor producing company or or organizations like um they can use these byproducts so the best way of um yeah ofdealing with these byproducts is for example to have ecoe efficiency soreally improving the efficiency of transformation processes and reduce the amount of products so at the end ifyou're handling a by product as something externally of course the best way could be to then don't have thesebyproducts to think about the whole process uh without any byproducts but ofcourse we can also think about Eco Effectiveness like there are byproducts and then turning previously unusedbyproducts into input for the same company or other organizations so usingthese by products or um for example waste heat could be used to produce energy or uh yeah distinct heating orsawdust might be used to produce um strand boards so really using the byproducts so on the one hand side wecould think about like reducing the amount of byproducts and on the other hand it should be um thought about howto then if there is this byproduct use the byproduct for the own organization or other organizations to then againproduce something out of these um byproducts so um if we consider now theidea that there is waste so there will in our production there will for sure be some waste but also over the lifetime ofan of a product there will be uh in the end perhaps material uh left over sothat there is some waste and then there are different measures different ways how to handle that waste and um from aecological perspective there are more uh preferred ways and less preferred waysso on the left hand side here of the scale there is uh the idea of reducingwaste as the most preferred then we have the ReUse of materials the recycle ofmaterials uh if we cannot yeah get the materials again into the cycle then atleast we can perhaps recover the energy uh that has been used for the materialand if even that is not possible then at the least a preferred option there is uhyeah the disposal in lill or something like this so now let's deep dive intoall these different forms so um reduce reduce ruce and recycle and of coursesometimes um recover so reduction is kind of regarded as the first bestoption as you already saw in our little diagram so um it's about inducing fewer or ideally no environmental damages byreducing waste or harmful substances as much as possible so it's about bringingonly such Goods to customers that are actually needed so no unnecessary products to the market and to thecustomers reduction also requires no further processes in later stages of aproduct life cycle meaning that um when thinking about the product life cycle that there are no processes um behindthat and of course it's achieved in production processes by reducing absolute amount of input like forexample reducing off Cuts or leakages or using thinner materials or by changingthe type of input like for example avoiding harmful substances through substitutions so thinking about if thereis a harmful substance what could be a potential substitution of that uh thesecond best option as seen before was reuse so uh the idea is that we can give perhaps second certain products a secondlife without uh yeah not really doing much with the product or changing ittremendously other than refurbishing we see this a lot with houses right they are used again and again and again butthere are also other uh products uh in households that are reused so we have uhalso online uh marketplaces where we can buy used Goods so that's the idea ofreusing what has been produced already U uh and that's better the ReUse optionthan buying something new considering the overall used uh resources or theresources that we as a human humankind have have put into uh consumption herethat is something that is less prevalent in production processes sometimes we use some uh yeah older Parts also to uhgenerate something new but it's much more common uh when thinking about repairing damaged goods that we put intheir uh elements from uh from another damaged goods and out of two damagedproducts we build something new we see this a lot especially in in car repair for instance or where uh yeah damagedcars are uh put apart into into the different modules and then uh are soldin uh even in the World Market uh engines or other parts are sold then uhto repair cars and other places let's now have a look at the third option and uh this is recyclingit's um yeah as shown regarded as the third best option and what does recycling mean um it's about wastematerials that are Repro processed into new products materials or substances either for the original purpose or to bebest used in other product and processes so recycling means that you have a product and at the end either as said umuse it for the same product again or then use the material for other products so for example mechanically recyclingmeans like plastic is crushed melted and then used as a plastic granulate forexample chemically is like plastic is uh converted into basic chem chemicalsthrough chemical processes so that you're really like using the different um um yeah chemicals of pro of plasticto uh then do something new with it biologically for example compostable plastic is converted into biomass orlike um at the end it's about the processes that come with different costs and benefits depending on the materialand type of recycling so it always depends on what do we have what do we have to recycle and how do we want torecycle it either for the same product or for new products and the least favored options were recovery andDisposal recovery means that we only uh look at the energy that was used uh inproducing uh the previous product and whether we can get back some of that energy and mainly this is done by uhyeah burning things in order to get back the energy in the form of heat um andthen do something with that heat and uh yeah this is uh obviously not as good as the otheroptions where we can really do something with the material without burning it um and if we can't burn it or the uhoutcome of burning is something the ashes and so on these are things that we then uh can consider for disposal butthe disposal should be done only if all the other alternatives are not uh yeah do not make sense right um and even ifwe uh dispose something this should be done in a yeah somehow organized andmanaged way so not throwing away our ways directly into a river or into theforest or something like this but bringing it to a landfill where it can be sorted and perhaps when it's therethis waste it could be sorted in a way that some material at least can be uhreused before burning it or buing it it's being put in into alandfill so when thinking about these different um kind of options for deing with for for dealing with for examplebyproducts and um so on uh let's think about now how the product development umor like uh how product development for sustainable product use um can takeplace so um most of all like most often product specifications they aredetermining uh the sustainability impact of a product so the the way how aproduct is designed or specified this is then at the end also telling us about how sustainability or um responsiblethis product is and of course this is for the whole um yeah life cycle of theproduct from the early product design as the most important phase because thisearly product design phase is then defining how the whole product specifications um yeah are coming outare taking place because it determines overall requirements of a product andthe requirements that the product has to fulfill and this then at the end has an impact on the product design it'sfunctionalities materials and production processes to be used it's not onlyincluded in Market Research in terms of customer needs but of course also the assessment of a product's variouspotential impacts along the entire product life cycle so thinking from A to Z the whole product life cycle and whatimpact might this product have on sustainability or in terms of the triple bottom line on um the society or socialresponsibility and of course also ecological responsibility and the results at the end theydetermine boundary conditions for technical product development so when we're then thinkingabout the later phase um product designers and Engineers can try to further improve sustainabilityperformance of a product so we have the product design phase and then we have the later phases and we alreadyintroduced these terms like ecoe efficiency ecoe Effectiveness um so Ecoefficiency once again is for example using lightweight materials or energy efficient components for a product andecoe Effectiveness is for example using non-toxic materials that are easy to disum dis amble and reuse at the end we also have a third component this is sufficiency like for example buildingdurable products that can more easily be shared so that the product life cycle or that the LIF span of a product isincreased so as we have seen um yeah the design phase of a product can reallydetermine the amount of or the typee of resources and the amount of resourcesthat need to be used to build that product and thereby also affects uh yeahthe the consumption of resources um in the production and usage phase of theproduct so design is a very very crucial step with which we can affect not onlyuh the amount of energy and resources that we use in production of the product but also then in the later use phase andthat's um an issue because so far in in history uh sustainability has been longneglected during product design so um the uh the sustainability impact of aproduct as already said uh uh the main yeah impact is usually in the usagephase there's a lot of energy used during usage let's think of a car we use a lot of energy to produce that car butthen during uh running the car during driving we lose use a lot of additionalenergy and the way how we design a car um how effective it is uh by glidingthrough uh the wind and so on uh can uh tremendously impact uh the amount ofenergy by using different materials lightweight materials we also determined the amount of energy used by this carfor driving right so in some these decisions that we make during um designeffect uh usage of energy uh and and also usage of additional resourcesresources in the um the uh in the usage phase so that should really be somethingthat we consider during design already so while designing a product we should consider the entire life cycle not onlythe production um which is usually leading to cost for us as ay company as anorganization um and this is perhaps something that we might uh mainly drivenby economic reasons uh yeah uh mind when when building a product but it should gobeyond this production phase also considering the the usagephase um Beyond Energy savings um yeah companies in the past uhquite often did not um think about uh yeah sustainability considerations inproduction that much and this is also uh something where we uh where wego beyond the current standards so in some when designing a product uh weshould also design for sustainability sustainability to reduce the overall impact of our products um on resourceconsumption and health of the planet and also the people involved and the question is how can we do so and to doso there are a lot of opportunities for really implementing the ideas of sustainability in the product design sofor example we can use lighter materials in for example vehicles um and this thenleads to reduced energy needs it can for example also be like with betterinsulation and this reduces than the heat or cool things or durable materials or modular design can extend productlife in general thus reducing the need for new products so the the longer we can use one product the more sustainableand efficient we can use the product of course proactive considerations of sustainability impact along product lifecycles are not limited to environmental aspects so for example thinking again about the triple bottom line environmentsocial and of course economical um aspects the decisions on raw materials and ingredients for a product alsodetermine many social impacts certain materials are for example connected to health issues so thinking about theseissues and these impl um these um consequences of using certain materialshas to taken into consideration when thinking about sustainability and product design of course there alsotrade-off possible so positive effects in one stage of product life cycle can lead to negative effects in other stagesso not every life cycle stage being it sustainable is then generating the whole life cycle of a product to besustainable taking an example here for example in electric vehicles or in the automotive sector electric vehicles cansignific iFly reduce carbon emissions compared to Vehicles powered by con combustion engines during the use phaseand there are currently still significant environmental and Social Challenges in production and recycling of batteries so we know that electricvehicles have a positive impact of course on the environment and uh and in a better uh compared to uh combustionengines however the production and of course then also the recycling of the batteries is still under question andthere we can see the trade-off between um yeah one step in the product life cycle and other steps in the productlife cycles okay so let's see what ideas areout there to reduce yeah um yeah the overall amount of uh resources that weneed to satisfy all the needs of an economy and let's assume for a while nowthat the overall level of consumption is stable so let's assume um that aneconomy us es exactly the amount or has the need to reduce exact to use theexact amount of uh products and services and so on in a given period of timelet's assume that this is stable this level of consumption then with this thought in mind we could um uh yeahreduce uh the amount of resources used to satisfy those needs along to uh um Dimentions here one is uh the intensity with which we use products and servicesand the other one is um the time that we can use these products overall how longthey are out there and this leads to four potential scenarios um that we should considerwhen uh yeah already developing a product before bringing it toMarketplace so the first scenario is that we could um use for instance moredurable materials uh so that a product yeah isuh can get older right so that the end of product life is somehow extended thatuh we have products that last longer are more durable um or we could uhsomehow um inform users in a way how they could use these productsappropriately at least so that they are not broken and thereby the expected end of product life because of the way howconsumers handle them can be somehow extended uh uh until or uh yeah to anideal uh end of the product life where it really gets broken if it would have been handled alwayscorrectly so the second scenario we could think about is uh when we're thinking about a product that is notused until till the end of technically possible product life of the product so the second scenario is the extension ofa product life in the design and support phase so it ask about how actual product use can be extended especially whenproducts are as said not used until the end of the technical possible product life so strategies here involve Timelessdesigns to avoid products being done before the technical product life um has ended or more modular designs with allowfor technical updates or extended soft software updates for smartphones so that the extended end of the product use iskind of prolonged the third scenar scenario is about uh intensifying the usage ofproducts uh or meaning the quantity of usage so that and there are two different ways to do this right so thefirst uh thing here scenario 3.1 is to uh use uh for instance a production lineuh constantly without shutting it down and uh ramping it up again and again umand this might be even more eco-efficient right so um by running something uh we could uh reduce uh uhthe amount of energy needed to uh bring it back to life again uh especially ifwe think about something that needs to be heated or so a lot of uh energy could be used so that means that we uh yeahput additional use usage time into the overall uh yeah period of usageof a of a product or a production line here in our example the second scenario3.2 here is that we um create additionalintervals where these products are used so for instance uh if we buy a car uhand it uh is uh not used the full day perhaps there are other ways to use thatwhile we as an owner do not use it perhaps our kids can use them or colleagues could use them so it's aboutcar sharing it's about not buying cars but renting them and so on so it's amatter of increasing the product utilization um in uh in thelifetime and then the fourth scenario we can think about is the intensification of a product usage like the capacity ofus usage so this scenario looks at how use intensity can increased at a givenpoint in time when products are and that's important actually in use not only across a product's lifetime but ifthey are really in use and examples here are for example if one is increasing the capacity of public local transport byexample for by double decker buses or trains or of course car pooling so thethe thing is that the amount of buses is not doubled or um the amount of cars isnot doubled but that the amount of usage per one bus in terms of for example thedouble decker um yeah is increased and the double decker is a perfect examplehow the design phes of such a product like a bus or a train is affecting theuh ecoe efficiency of these products uh in the lifespan right um by just havingit designed differently um it's able to yeah we to increase the in the usageintensity of that product of the plus thereby reducing the overall need forcars for other Mobility devices thereby reducing the amount of energy andresources used in a society right we can fulfill all the mobility needs withouthaving uh a higher amount of products a higher amount of cars buses and so on byjust designing them differently and that's here the idea if we have a certain level of consumption of mobilityof whatever how with these uh four scenarios can we uh reduce the amount ofresources that the society needs to fulfill these needs and um that weshould consider when building a product when bringing it into Market um how weas an organization can then uh enhance somehow uh yeah the the usage of theseproducts and thereby redu use uh the yeah the amount of resources that wewith our offerings need in our society so what did we learn in thisvideo overall we learned that acting sustainably and reducing waste can start with a company's overarching vision andcan provide a Competitive Edge we furthermore learned that incorporating lean principles in the production cyclecan help organizations to reduce waste significantly of course waste reductioncan be understood as a spectrum of different options we looked at different options there and methods that can beintegrated along the entire value chain of a company or of a product and in thelast step we also talked about thinking waste reduction holistically from the design over production to users and theproduct lifetime to provide ample opportunities to become more sustainablewe very much looking forward to our next video
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