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“AB 525 Reports: Offshore Renewable Energy.” California Energy Commission, California Energy Commission, 19 Jan. 2024, .
Ahlén, I., Baagøe, H. J., & Bach, L. (2009). Behavior of Scandinavian bats during migration and foraging at sea. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(6), 1318-1323.
Bang, J.; Ma, C.; Tarantino, E.; Vela, A.; Yamane, D. (2019). Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Floating Offshore Wind Energy in California. Report by the University of California Santa Barbara.
Bell, A.; von der Au, M.; Regnery, J.; Schmid, M.; Meermann, B.; Reifferscheid, G.; Ternes, T.; Buchinger, S. (2020). Does galvanic cathodic protection by aluminum anodes impact marine organisms? Environmental Sciences Europe, 32(157).
Birds, Bats, and Beyond: Networked Wildlife Tracking along the Pacific Coast of the U.S. (PC‐22‐03). .
Brodie, J.; Kohut, J.; Zemeckis, D. (2021). Identifying Ecological Metrics and Sampling Strategies for Baseline Monitoring During Offshore Wind Development.
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California Renewables Portfolio Standard Program: emissions of greenhouse gases, SB-100, California Legislature, Senate, (2018). .
Calambokidis, J., Kratofil, M. A., Palacios, D. M., Lagerquist, B. A., Schorr, G. S., Hanson, M. B., ... & Hazen, E. L. (2024). Biologically Important Areas II for cetaceans within US and adjacent waters-West Coast Region. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1283231.
Characterization of the Distribution, Movements, and Foraging Habitat of Endangered Leatherback Turtles in Designated Critical Habitat off the U.S. West Coast (PC-23-04). .
Copping, Andrea, Hanna, Luke, Whiting, Johnathan, Geerlofs, Simon, Grear, Molly, Blake, Kara, Coffey, Anna, Massaua, Meghan, Brown-Saracino, Jocelyn, & Battey, Hoyt. Environmental effects of marine energy development around the world. Annex IV Final Report. United States.
Development of Computer Simulations to Assess Entanglement Risk to Whales and Leatherback Sea Turtles in Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Moorings, Cables, and Associated Derelict Fishing Gear Offshore California (PC-19-x07). .
Duffy, O.; Chumbinho, R.; Coca, I.; Breslin, J. (2023). Impact of geophysical and geotechnical site investigation surveys on fish and shellfish (Report No. BD00722001). Report by BlueWise Marine. Report for Wind Energy Ireland.
Ellison WT., Southall BL, Clark CW, Frankel AF. 2012. A new context-based approach to assess marine mammal behavioral responses to anthropogenic sounds. Conservation Biology. 26:21-28.
Farr, H., Ruttenberg, B., Walter, R. K., Wang, Y. H., & White, C. (2021). Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities. Ocean & Coastal Management, 207, 105611.
Flint, Scott, Rhetta deMesa, Pamela Doughman, and Elizabeth Huber. 2022. Offshore Wind Development off the California Coast: Maximum Feasible Capacity and Megawatt Planning Goals for 2030 and 2045. California Energy Commission. Publication Number: CEC-800- 2022-001-REV.
Floeter, J., van Beusekom, J.E., Auch, D., Callies, U., Carpenter, J., Dudeck, T., Eberle, S., Eckhardt, A., Gloe, D., Hänselmann, K. and Hufnagl, M., 2017. Pelagic effects of offshore wind farm foundations in the stratified North Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 156, pp.154-173.
Gall, B. L., Graham, I. M., Merchant, N. D., & Thompson, P. M. (2021). Broad-Scale Responses of Harbor Porpoises to Pile-Driving and Vessel Activities During Offshore Windfarm Construction. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 735.
Harnois, V.; Smith, H.; Benjamins, S.; Johanning, L. (2015). Assessment of Entanglement Risk to Marine Megafauna due to Offshore Renewable Energy Mooring Systems. International Journal of Marine Energy, 11, 27-49.
Harsanyi, P.; Scott, K.; Easton, B.; Ortiz, G.; Chapman, E.; Piper, A.; Rochas, C.; Lyndon, A. (2022). The Effects of Anthropogenic Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on the Early Development of Two Commercially Important Crustaceans, European Lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.) and Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(5), 18.
Hestetun, J.; Ray, J.; Murvoll, K.; Kjølhamar, A.; Dahlgren, T. (2023). Environmental DNA reveals spatial patterns of fish and plankton diversity at a floating offshore wind farm. Environmental DNA, Early View, 1-18.
Holdman, A.; Tregenza, N.; Van Parijs, S.; DeAngelis, A. (2023). Acoustic ecology of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) between two U.S. offshore wind energy areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 0, 1-11.
Hutchison, Z.; Gill, A.; Sigray, P.; He, H.; King, J. (2020). Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMF) influence the behavior of bottom-dwelling marine species. Scientific Reports, 10, 4219 .
ICF. 2020. Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Headquarters, Sterling, VA. OCS Study BOEM 2020-041. 42 pp
Karama, K. S., Matsushita, Y., Inoue, M., Kojima, K., Tone, K., Nakamura, I., & Kawabe, R. (2021). Movement pattern of red seabream Pagrus major and yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata around Offshore Wind Turbine and the neighboring habitats in the waters near Goto Islands, Japan. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 6(3), 300-308.
Klinck, H.; Fregosi, S.; Matsumoto, H.; Turpin, A.; Mellinger, D.; Erofeev, A.; Barth, J.; Shearman, R.; Jafarmardar, K.; Stelzer, R. (2015). Mobile Autonomous Platforms for Passive-Acoustic Monitoring of High-frequency. Paper presented at World Robotic Sailing Championship and International Robotic Sailing Conference, Åland Islands.
Klinck, H.; Fregosi, S.; Matsumoto, H.; Turpin, A.; Mellinger, D.; Erofeev, A.; Barth, J.; Shearman, R.; Jafarmardar, K.; Stelzer, R. (2015). Mobile Autonomous Platforms for Passive-Acoustic Monitoring of High-frequency. Paper presented at World Robotic Sailing Championship and International Robotic Sailing Conference, Åland Islands.
Kordan, M.; Yakan, S. (2024). The effect of offshore wind farms on the variation of the phytoplankton population. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 69
Michel, M.; Guichard, B.; Béesau, J.; Samaran, F. (2024). Passive acoustic monitoring for assessing marine mammals population in European waters: Workshop conclusions and perspectives. Paper presented at 34th Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society, Galicia, Spain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105983
Mooney, T.; Andersson, M.; Stanley, J. (2020). Acoustic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Fishery Resources: An Evolving Source and Varied Effects Across a Wind Farm’s Lifetime. Oceanography, 33(4), 82-95. .
Musial et al., W. (2023, May 31). Offshore wind market report: 2023 edition. Energy.gov. .
Offshore Acoustic Bat Study along the California Coastline (PC-19-03). .
Our Story, California Marine Sanctuary Foundation, .
Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Müller, S., Markones, N., Mercker, M. and Garthe, S., 2020. Effects of offshore wind farms on seabird abundance: Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season. Marine Environmental Research, 162, p.105157.
Peschko, V., Mercker, M., & Garthe, S. (2020). Telemetry reveals strong effects of offshore wind farms on behavior and habitat use of common guillemots (Uria aalge) during the breeding season. Marine Biology, 167(8), 1-13.
Putman, N.; Scanlan, M.; Pollock, A.; O'Neil, J.; Couture, R.; Stoner, J.; Quinn, T.; Lohmann, K.; Noakes, D. (2018). Geomagnetic field influences upward movement of young Chinook salmon emerging from nests. Biology Letters, 14(2)
Raghukumar, K.; Chartrand, C.; Chang, G.; Cheung, L.; Roberts, J. (2022). Effect of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines on Atmospheric Circulation in California. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, 14.
Raghukumar, Kaus, Tim Nelson, Grace Chang, Chris Chartrand, Lawrence Cheung, Jesse Roberts, Michael Jacox, and Jerome Fiechter. 2020. A Numerical Modeling Framework to Evaluate Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on California’s Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem. Publication Number: CEC-500-2024-006.

Reeb, D, Schroeder, D. (2022). Offshore Wind Lease Issuance, Site Characterization, and Site Assessment: Central and Northern California, Biological Assessment: Endangered and Threatened Species and Essential Fish Habitat Assessment). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.

Reubens, J.T., Vandendriessche, S., Zenner, A.N., Degraer, S. and Vincx, M., 2013. Offshore wind farms as productive sites or ecological traps for gadoid fishes?–Impact on growth, condition index and diet composition. Marine environmental research, 90, pp.66-74.
Risch, D.; Favill, G.; Marmo, B.; van Geel, N.; Benjamins, S.; Thompson, P.; Wittich, A.; Wilson, B. (2023). Characterisation of underwater operational noise of two types of floating offshore wind turbines. Report by Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). Report for Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub.
Rockwood, R.; Adams, J.; Silber, G.; Jahncke, J. (2020). Estimating effectiveness of speed reduction measures for decreasing whale-strike mortality in a high-risk region. Endangered Species Research, 43, 145–166.
Rockwood, R.C., L. Salas, J. Howar, N. Nur and J. Jahncke. 2024. Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast. Unpublished Report to the California Ocean Protection Council. Point Blue Conservation Science (Contribution No. 12758). 95 pp.
Rose, A., Wei, D., & Einbinder, A. (2022). The co-benefits of california offshore wind electricity. The Electricity Journal, 35(7), 107167.
Rueda-Bayona, J. G., Eras, J. J. C., & Chaparro, T. R. (2022). Impacts generated by the materials used in offshore wind technology on Human Health, Natural Environment and Resources. Energy, 261, 125223.
Seabird and Marine Mammal Surveys Near Potential Renewable Energy Sites Offshore Central and Southern California (PC-17-01). .
(SEER) U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research. 2022. Benthic Disturbance from Offshore Wind Foundations, Anchors, and Cables. Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office. Available at .
(SEER) U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research. 2022. Presence of Vessels: Effects of Vessel Collision on Marine Life. Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office. Available at
(SEER) U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research. 2022. Risk to Marine Life from Marine Debris & Floating Offshore Wind Cable Systems. Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office. Available at .
(SEER) U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research. 2022. Introduction of New Offshore Wind Farm Structures: Effects on Fish Ecology. Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office. Available at .
(SEER) U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research. 2022. Presence of Vessels: Effects of Vessel Collision on Marine Life. Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office. Available at
Siedersleben, S. K., Lundquist, J. K., Platis, A., Bange, J., Bärfuss, K., Lampert, A., ... & Emeis, S. (2018). Micrometeorological impacts of offshore wind farms as seen in observations and simulations. Environmental Research Letters, 13(12), 124012.
Slavik, K., Lemmen, C., Zhang, W., Kerimoglu, O., Klingbeil, K. and Wirtz, K.W., 2019. The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea. Hydrobiologia, 845(1), pp.35-53.
The Environmental Status of Artificial Structures Offshore California (PC-20-02). .
Thomsen, F.; Stober, U.; Sarnocinska-Kot, J. (2023). Hearing Impact on Marine Mammals Due to Underwater Sound from Future Wind Farms. The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life, , 1-7. .
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. (2022). Offshore Wind Lease Issuance, Site Characterization, and Site Assessment: Central and Northern California (Biological Assessment). .
U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research. 2022. Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs [Booklet]. Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office.
Vallejo, G.C., Grellier, K., Nelson, E.J., McGregor, R.M., Canning, S.J., Caryl, F.M. and McLean, N., 2017. Responses of two marine top predators to an offshore wind farm. Ecology and Evolution, 7(21), pp.8698-8708.
Wang, L., Wang, B., Cen, W., Xu, R., Huang, Y., Zhang, X., ... & Zhang, Y. (2023). Ecological impacts of the expansion of offshore wind farms on trophic level species of marine food chain. Journal of Environmental Sciences.
Watson, S. C., Somerfield, P. J., Lemasson, A. J., Knights, A. M., Edwards-Jones, A., Nunes, J., ... & Beaumont, N. J. (2024). The global impact of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services. Ocean & Coastal Management, 249, 107023.
Weiser, E.; Overton, C.; Douglas, D.; Casazza, M.; Flint, P. (2024). Geese migrating over the Pacific Ocean select altitudes coinciding with offshore wind turbine blades. Journal of Applied Ecology, Early View
Wilber, D. H., Carey, D. A., & Griffin, M. (2018). Flatfish habitat use near North America's first offshore wind farm. Journal of Sea Research, 139, 24-32.
Wyman, M. T., Klimley, A. P., Battleson, R. D., Agosta, T. V., Chapman, E. D., Haverkamp, P. J., ... & Kavet, R. (2018). Behavioral responses by migrating juvenile salmonids to a subsea high-voltage DC power cable. Marine Biology, 165(8), 1-15.
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