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Noise and EMF effects,Habitat alterations Displacement and avoidance of OSW farms
Fish and Fishery Ecology (FFE)
Impacts on FFE
The least studied impacts on FFE included noise pollution (14.28%) and EMFs (17.86%). Anthropogenic EMFs produced by subsea transmission cables can have detrimental and negligible impacts on the behavior and development of fish species. This spectrum includes decreased sperm mobility of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) or increased foraging behavior of Little skates (Leucoraja erinacea). A species-specific understanding of EMF's impacts on FFE mainly exists; thus, continued research into the impact of EMF on California’s FFE is necessary. EMFs from a subsea cable in the San Francisco Bay Area produced no negative impact on salmon migrations. Floating wind turbines have a decreased presence in the water column compared to fixed-bottom turbines and may create less of an artificial reef. Artificial habitats become stable after 1.5–2 years in coastal areas of Japan and may take similarly as long to manifest in California.
FFE Literature
Impact
Column 2
Displacement
EMF
Habitat Alterations
Noise
Reference
Harsanyi et al. (2022)
X
X
Hutchinson et al. (2023)
X
X
X
Wyman et al. (2018)
X
X
X
Duffy et al. (2023)
X
X
X
Reubens et al. (2013)
X
X
Mooney et al. (2020)
X
X
Wilber et al (2017)
X
X
X
Karama et al. (2021)
X
X
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Potential Noise Impacts on Fish and Shellfish from Site Assessment
Fish
Shellfish
Impact
Air Bladder Damage
Otolith/Statocyst Damage
Otolith/Statocyst Damage
Organ/Tissue Damage
Organ/Tissue Damage
Mortality/Abnormality
Mortality/Abnormality
Startle response
Startle response
Sound avoidance
Sound avoidance
Foraging
Foraging
Bioturbitaton
Reproduction
Metabolic Rates
Auditory Masking
Stress-bio indicators
Metabolic rates
Metamorphosis/Settlement
Stress bio-indicators
Catch rates/abundance
Metamorphosis/Settlement
Catch rates/abundance
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Research Gaps Identified on Noise Impacts to FFE
Research Gap
Description
Temporal Variation
Impacts during key life stages (e.g., breeding, foraging)
Early Life Studies
Larval stages and recruitment processes
Site Surveys and Decommissioning
Impacts of underwater site surveys and decommissioning activities
Current-Use Seismic Sources
Impact of seismic sources commonly used in underwater exploration.
Species and Population Differences
Variations in response among different species and populations.
Research Gap
Description
Free-Swimming Animals
Impacts on the behavior of free-swimming invertebrates.
Larger, Current-Use Turbines
Impacts of larger turbine structures on underwater ecosystems.
Scales of Impact
Analyzes the varying degrees of disturbance caused by different noise levels.
Operational Communities
Impacts on communities that develop during operation (due to the artificial reef effect)
Null Data
Instances where no significant impacts of noise pollution are detected.
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