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Fish and Fishery Ecology (FFE)

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Impacts on FFE

Noise and EMF effects,
Habitat alterations
Displacement and avoidance of OSW farms

The least studied impacts on FFE included noise pollution (14.28%) and EMFs (17.86%). Anthropogenic EMFs produced by subsea transmission cables can have detrimental and negligible impacts on the behavior and development of fish species. This spectrum includes decreased sperm mobility of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) or increased foraging behavior of Little skates (Leucoraja erinacea). A species-specific understanding of EMF's impacts on FFE mainly exists; thus, continued research into the impact of EMF on California’s FFE is necessary. EMFs from a subsea cable in the San Francisco Bay Area produced no negative impact on salmon migrations. Floating wind turbines have a decreased presence in the water column compared to fixed-bottom turbines and may create less of an artificial reef. Artificial habitats become stable after 1.5–2 years in coastal areas of Japan and may take similarly as long to manifest in California.



FFE Literature
Impact
Column 2
Displacement
EMF
Habitat Alterations
Noise
1
Reference
Harsanyi et al. (2022)
X
X
2
Hutchinson et al. (2023)
X
X
X
3
Wyman et al. (2018)
X
X
X
4
Duffy et al. (2023)
X
X
X
5
Reubens et al. (2013)
X
X
6
Mooney et al. (2020)
X
X
7
Wilber et al (2017)
X
X
X
8
Karama et al. (2021)
X
X
There are no rows in this table
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Potential Noise Impacts on Fish and Shellfish from Site Assessment

1
Fish
Shellfish
2
Impact
Air Bladder Damage
Otolith/Statocyst Damage
3
Otolith/Statocyst Damage
Organ/Tissue Damage
4
Organ/Tissue Damage
Mortality/Abnormality
5
Mortality/Abnormality
Startle response
6
Startle response
Sound avoidance
7
Sound avoidance
Foraging
8
Foraging
Bioturbitaton
9
Reproduction
Metabolic Rates
10
Auditory Masking
Stress-bio indicators
11
Metabolic rates
Metamorphosis/Settlement
12
Stress bio-indicators
Catch rates/abundance
13
Metamorphosis/Settlement
14
Catch rates/abundance
There are no rows in this table
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Research Gaps Identified on Noise Impacts to FFE

1
Research Gap
Description
2
Temporal Variation
Impacts during key life stages (e.g., breeding, foraging)
3
Early Life Studies
Larval stages and recruitment processes
4
Site Surveys and Decommissioning
Impacts of underwater site surveys and decommissioning activities
5
Current-Use Seismic Sources
Impact of seismic sources commonly used in underwater exploration.
6
Species and Population Differences
Variations in response among different species and populations.
7
Research Gap
Description
8
Free-Swimming Animals
Impacts on the behavior of free-swimming invertebrates.
9
Larger, Current-Use Turbines
Impacts of larger turbine structures on underwater ecosystems.
10
Scales of Impact
Analyzes the varying degrees of disturbance caused by different noise levels.
11
Operational Communities
Impacts on communities that develop during operation (due to the artificial reef effect)
12
Null Data
Instances where no significant impacts of noise pollution are detected.
There are no rows in this table
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