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Biology
Biology

Coda templates

Syllabus

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2.5 - 2.6 stem cells

2.14 enzyme practical

2.33 food energy practical

2.40 - 2.45 plant gas exchange

2.53 - 2.58 plant transport

2.63 - 2.64 vaccination and clotting in detail

2.70 - 2.79 excretion and the kidney

2.81 homeostasis

2.86 hormone vs. nerves

2.95 ADH, LH, FSH

3.1 - 3.7 plant reproduction

2.86, 2.89, 2.91 - 2.94 Nervous system

4.1 - 4.5 biodiversity and field work

5.12 - 5.20 food production, selective

breeding, GM, cloning

1.1 - 1.4 variety and characteristics of life

2.1- 2.4 cells

2.7 - 2.13 molecules

2.15 - 2.17 movement in and out of cells

2.18 - 2.23 photosynthesis

2.24 - 2.32 diet and digestion

2.34 - 2.39 respiration

2.46 - 2.50 breathing and gas ex.

2.51 - 2.52 principles of transport

2.59 - 2.62 blood

2.65 - 2.69 heart and circulation

2.80 - 2.82 response to stimulation

2.83 - 2.85 plant tropisms

2.87, 2.88, 2.90 - 2.94 Nervous system

3.8 - 3.13 human reproduction

3.14 - 3.39 inheritance and evolution

4.6 - 4.9 food chains

4.10 - 4.11 carbon and nitrogen cycles

4.12 - 4.18 pollution

Breathing and Gas Exchange

Name and describe all the organs

1. Larynx, trachea and rings of Cartilage

protects lower airways. where air goes through. rings of cartilage prevent the trachea from closing

2. Bronchi, Bronchioles and Alveoli

air splits through all these different pathways, the smallest being the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

3. Pleural membranes and Pleural fluid

pleural membranes surround the lungs, and it’s protected from sticking into the ribcage by the pleural fluid surrounding them

4. Diaphragm, intercostal muscles and ribs

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles expand and contract to change the volume capacity of the lungs, causing breathing. the ribs protect the lungs from being damaged

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Understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilation

BIDEC

Breathe In Diaphragm and External Contract

BODER

Breathe Our Diaphragm and External Relax

Alvioli Adaptations

1. moist, allows gas exchange to occur

2. number of them gives for more surface area

3. one cell thick, short distance for diffusion

4. good supply of blood and oxygen to maintain diffusion gradient

Effects of Exercise in breathing and the release of carbon dioxide

exercise means that more glucose needs to be used for energy, meaning there is a higher demand for oxygen to release the energy. Breathing rates increase to receive more oxygen, turning it into carbon dioxide through respiration. since respiration rates are higher, the release of carbon dioxide also increases

How to carry out an experiment about the release of CO2

breathe through a tube connecting two test tubes. lime water is placed in both. the test tube where air enters remains clear, while the test tube where air goes out turns cloudy - a positive result for the presence of carbon dioxide.

Effects of Smoking (4)

1. Increase of risk of pulmonary infections

tar damages the cilia and mucor. these two cells produce mucus to trap pathogens and sweep them down the the stomach to be killed by the acidity.

2. Emphysema

the breakdown of alveoli reduces surface area, thus making it harder for gas exchange to occur and obtain oxygen.

3. RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE

carbon monoxide binds with the red blood cells, not allowing the oxygen to bind. heart rate increases to make up for the lack of oxygen, which can damage capillaries and increase the risk of coronary heart disease

4. CANCER

contains radioactive substances that increase the risk of mutations

Food and Digestion

Describe the digestive system

Mouth and Salivary Glands

teeth break down the food so it can be swallowed and increases surface area so it can be digested quicker. moist also helps it travel down the oesophagus

salivary glands secrete AMYLASE to break down starch

Oesophagus

tube through which the food travels, is elastic and contains muscles to push it downwards

Stomach, pancreas

stomach is very acidic, kills all pathogens, bacteria. pancreas secrete protease, an enzyme which digests protein, whose optimum PH is 2 due to its acidity

Gall Bladder, Duodenum (small intestine)

gall bladder produces bile, which neutralises the food from the stomach as it is acidic as it is alkaline. it also emulsifies fat into smaller droplets in order to increase surface area to make the enzymes work more quickly. Lipase and other enzymes are excreted from the pancreas

Ileum lining

containing villi, one cell thick lining in the ileum covered by microvilli in order to increase surface area. have blood capillaries inside to shorten the distance of the nutrients and the blood, then transferred into the entire body. also contain mitochondria to move and match the concentration gradient, facilitating diffusion through active transport

Large intestine and rectum

absorption of remaining water to create a solid feces of undigested material, then excreted through the rectum.

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Elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

hydrogen, carbon, OXYGEN for both carbs and lipids,

protein is made of amino acids » hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

lipids » GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

Tests for Starch, Glucose, Protein, Lipids

Starch

add iodine, initially orange, later turns BLUE BLACK

Glucose

add BENEDICT SOLUTION, from blue to BRICK RED

Protein

add BIURET TEST, forming PURPLE

LIPID

add ETHANOL, forming a CLOUDY WHITE LAYER

Identify the sources and uses of carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins A, B, C and D, mineral ions, water and dietary fibre

Carbs

used for obtaining energy, found in wheats

Protein

used for the growth and repair of tissues, found in animal products and beans

Lipids

used to store in the body? found in avocados and nuts

Vitamin A

used to prevent night blindness, helps with the retina. found in carrots

Vitamin B

used to prevent beri beri, found in meat and veggies

Vitamin C

used to prevent scurvy, found in fruits and vegetables.

Vitamin D

used to prevent rickets, source from sunlight

Iron

helps the hemoglobin bond with the oxygen in red blood cells, preventing anemia. found in meat

Calcium

helps preventing rickets and weak bones, found in dairy

Water

needed by many parts of the body, including the brain.

Dietary fibre

helps with digestion, cellulose and found in most plants

How is food moved through the gut

a process called peristalsis in the walls of the gut,

the longitudinal muscles (external ) and circular muscles (internal ) contact and expand in order to move food along the gut

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Coordination and Response

Understand how organisms are able to respond to their environment

through the nervous system: based on the brain, spinal chords and nerves that perceives and reacts to changes in the environment

What does a coordinated response look like and what is the central nervous system

stimuli » receptor neuron » COORDINATION CENTER » motor neuron » effector

KEY DEFINITIONS

stimulus: any perceivable change in the environment

receptor: organs in the body that are able to perceive the environment. eg skin, eyes, ears, nose, mouth

effector: muscles, organs that are able to move accordingly to respond to its environment

coordinating center (CNS): involves the brain and the spinal cord, where neurons fire

type of neurons:

- receptor neurons CONVERT STIMULI INTO AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE

- motor neurons

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describe the function, structure and adaptation of a simple reflex arc.

adapted to make the response faster, automatic and protective, thus avoiding danger.

does not involve the coordination of the brain

stimulus » receptor neuron » relay neuron » motor neuron » effector

Blood and circulation

Why can unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion

they have a high surface area to volume ratio, meaning their nutrients can diffuse easily through the entire cell. larger beings have a low surface area to volume ratio, thus a need for a transport system, as diffusion is not efficient enough

The structure of the circulation and heart

double circulatory

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VEINS = from the body to the heart

ARTERY = from the heart to the body

involving:

- pulmonary artery and vein

- vena cava and aorta,

- renal artery and vein

- hepatic artery and vein

Heart contains:

1. two ventricles (bottom)

2. two atria (top)

(4 chambers)

3. Valves

CARDIAC MUSCLE contracts and expands in order to pump the heart.

Factors that may cause Coronary heart disease

1. smoking

2. lack of exercise

3. hereditary and genetic

4. stress

5. diet

6. high blood pressure

Effect on heart rate of adrenaline and exercise

exercise demands more oxygen for the muscles in order to break down the glucose for energy.

the heart will have to obtain oxygen by the lungs at a faster rate, thus raising heart beat.

secretion of adrenaline for the adrenal glands also causes a quicker fast rate, as it helps the body be prepared for a fight of flight response.

controlled by the MEDULLA

How the structure of capillaries, arteries and veins relate to their function

Arteries

thick muscle and elastic tissue

to stretch and recoil to support high blood pressures. to control the blood flow by widening or contricting

Veins

thin muscle and elastic tissue, containing valves

no need for thick muscles due to low blood pressure, valves prevent it from going backwards

Capillaries

one cell thick

provides a very short distance for diffusion as it is close to every cell in an organ

Describe the Composition of Blood

1. Plasma

Liquid part of the blood: carries nutrients, other blood components, urea, hormones, HEAT

2. Red Blood cells

carry oxygen. adaptations:

- small, can squeeze through tiny capillaries

- hemoglobin binds with the oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

- no nucleus gives more space for the hemoglobin

- biconcave shape, squeeze

3. White blood cells

designed to eliminate pathogens and protect the body

4. Platelets

parts of other cells that are broken, serve to close open wounds. Blood clotting: prevents blood loss and entrance of pathogens.

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