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Ahlen-et-al._2009
Ahlén, I., Baagøe, H. J., & Bach, L. (2009). Behavior of Scandinavian bats during migration and foraging at sea. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(6), 1318-1323.
Boatman-et-al._2020
Comparative Study of Aerial Survey Techniques (AT-22-03)
Farr-et-al._2021
Farr, H., Ruttenberg, B., Walter, R. K., Wang, Y. H., & White, C. (2021). Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities. Ocean & Coastal Management, 207, 105611.
ICF_2020
ICF. 2020. Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Headquarters, Sterling, VA. OCS Study BOEM 2020-041. 42 pp
Pereksta-et-al._2022
Birds, Bats, and Beyond: Networked Wildlife Tracking along the Pacific Coast of the U.S. (PC‐22‐03)
Pereksta-et-al._2022
Seabird and Marine Mammal Surveys Near Potential Renewable Energy Sites Offshore Central and Southern California (PC-17-01)
Pereksta-et-al._2023
Offshore Acoustic Bat Study along the California Coastline (PC-19-03)
Peschko-et-al._2020
Peschko, V., Mercker, M., & Garthe, S. (2020). Telemetry reveals strong effects of offshore wind farms on behaviour and habitat use of common guillemots (Uria aalge) during the breeding season. Marine Biology, 167(8), 1-13.
Point-Blue-et-al._2024
Rockwood, R.C., L. Salas, J. Howar, N. Nur and J. Jahncke. 2024. Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast. Unpublished Report to the California Ocean Protection Council. Point Blue Conservation Science (Contribution No. 12758). 95 pp.
Preschko-et-al._2020b
Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Müller, S., Markones, N., Mercker, M. and Garthe, S., 2020. Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance: Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season. Marine Environmental Research, 162, p.105157.
Reeb-et-al._2022
Development of Computer Simulations to Assess Entanglement Risk to Whales and Leatherback Sea Turtles in Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Moorings, Cables, and Associated Derelict Fishing Gear Offshore California (PC-19-x07)
SEER-Vessel-Collision-et-al._2022
(SEER) U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research. 2022. Presence of Vessels: Effects of Vessel Collision on Marine Life. Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office. Available at https://tethys.pnnl.gov/seer.
Wesier-et-al._2024
Weiser, E.; Overton, C.; Douglas, D.; Casazza, M.; Flint, P. (2024). Geese migrating over the Pacific Ocean select altitudes coinciding with offshore wind turbine blades. Journal of Applied Ecology, Early View https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14612
Ahlen-et-al._2009
Full citation
Ahlén, I., Baagøe, H. J., & Bach, L. (2009). Behavior of Scandinavian bats during migration and foraging at sea. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(6), 1318-1323.
Literature Type
Scientific paper
Research Question
What is the behavior of migrating and foraging bats at sea?
Monitoring Method
Survey
Technology
-Portable incandescent spotlights and a Raytheon Palm IR PRO
infrared thermal imaging camera
-Handheld and automated ultrasound detectors
Impact source/Stressor
Avoidence
Development Phase
Operation and Maintenance
Receptor
Birds and Bats
Geographic Area
Europe
Spatial Scale
Coastal areas and islands of the Scandinavian Peninsula and islands of southern Sweden and Denmark (approximately 54u–57uN and 11u–19uE
Temporal Scale
months - years
Main Findings
-The finding that bats sometimes land on artificial structures
at sea suggests they use behaviors rarely observed on land.
-Because bats generally migrate at
low altitudes, we expect that accidents with wind turbines are
probably not frequent during migration itself. It is when bats
stop over and forage for insects that are accumulated around
the wind turbines that accidents become more likely.
-During certain weather conditions insects are attracted to turbines and
other objects at sea such as ships, lighthouses, and bridges.
The problem is likely to be most serious when wind turbines
are located in areas where many bats are passing and foraging.
This can be in sea areas just offshore from important departure
points but it can also be in areas on land with landscape
structures and habitats that attract or funnel large numbers of
breeding or migrating bats.
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