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3.4+5.7+5.3 = 14.4 out of 80 points it's definitely below passing grade :(

Define economic growth vs. development and explain two limits of GDP as a welfare metric. (8 points)

economic development is more broad term that encompasses different aspects not only economic, but human development and welfare

economic growth is more narrow term that basically means economic grow in terms of GDP and other indicators like this

GDP limits as a welfare metric

it doesn’t show “shadow” non official market activities

It doesn’t show humans wellbeing and welfare

Use the Solow model to assess whether unconditional income convergence is realistic for least‑developed countries. Support with one recent empirical study. (10 points)

List & explain three channels through which institutions affect development, then illustrate with one historical case (e.g. Ghana vs. Côte d’Ivoire or the Koreas). (10 points)

Institutions can affect development in a way that:

it can create good governance that would attract financial support to the country, like recently colonial countries with democratic institutions. Example here is South Korea

Institutions that corruption protected is also help development of the country

Identify three core labour‑market challenges in low‑income agrarian economies and propose one concrete policy for each. (8 points)

In low-income agrarian economies younger generation moves to urban areas from rural and then their shortage of labour → One policy would be providing subsidies to buy machines, and for South Asia it would work, like for India and China

But In Africa it would be hard to use machines, cause of something, cause for Africa we need to create something else

Using the Harris‑Todaro framework, analyze how rural‑urban migration shapes (i) agricultural productivity, (ii) urban unemployment. (8 points)

Pick water or land management. Critically appraise one real‑world policy or project, discussing effectiveness, distributional impacts, and transferability. (12 points)

Contrast RCTs and IV designs for policy impact evaluation in natural‑resource management. Cover identification logic, data demands, ethical/practical limits, plus one exemplar study for each. (12 points)

For Sub‑Saharan African agriculture, synthesize two major climate‑change risks and propose two evidence‑based adaptation strategies, justifying expected welfare effects. (12 points)

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