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9. Revolutions of Industrialization

Migration: Europeans in motion

Migration

prompted by Industrial Revolution
millions moved

Within Europe

countryside → cities
half or more of region’s people

Globally

1815-1939: 20% of Europe’s population (50-55 million) moved to Americas, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, etc.
causes
poverty
rapidly growing population
displacement of peasant farming, artisan manufacturing
why abroad?
demand for labor overseas
availability of land in some places
relatively cheap transportation of railroads, steamships
7 million came back to Europe

Impact

temporarily increased Europe’s share of global population
scattered Europeans around world
1800: <1% of world’s population was overseas Europeans/descendants
1930: became 11%
Australia, New Zealand: became settler colonies
1900: New Zealand’s European population outnumbered native Maori by 700,000 to 40,000
South Pacific: European outposts overwhelmed native populations
conquest
acquisition of lands
disease
also went to South Africa, Kenya, Rhodesia, Algeria, elsewhere → sharp racial divide
Americas: greatest impact
Latin America: 20% of migratory stream (mostly from Italy, Spain, Portugal)
Argentina, Brazil: 80% of Latin American immigrants
“white”; enhanced social weight of European element in those countries; had economic advantages over mixed-race, native, African populations
distinctive immigrant experience
far larger, more diverse
offered affordable land, industrial jobs (not available in Latin America)
turned immigrant experience into national myth: melting pot
earlier immigrants (mostly Protestant) were not welcoming to later Catholics, Jews
seen as inferior, “un-American”
blamed for crime, labor unrest, socialist ideas
Russia
after freeing of serfs (1861), 13 million Russian, Ukrainians migrated to Siberia
overwhelmed native populations
others went to Central Asia
reasons for moving
availability of land
prospect of greater freedom for tsarist restrictions, exploitation of aristocratic landowners
construction of trans-Siberian railroad
Russian government encouraged, aided process
hoped to forestall Chinese pressures in region
wanted to relieve growing population pressures in more densely-settled western lands of empire
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