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9. Revolutions of Industrialization

Migration: Europeans in motion

Migration

prompted by Industrial Revolution

millions moved

Within Europe

countryside → cities

half or more of region’s people

Globally

1815-1939: 20% of Europe’s population (50-55 million) moved to Americas, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, etc.

causes

poverty

rapidly growing population

displacement of peasant farming, artisan manufacturing

why abroad?

demand for labor overseas

availability of land in some places

relatively cheap transportation of railroads, steamships

7 million came back to Europe

Impact

temporarily increased Europe’s share of global population

scattered Europeans around world

1800: <1% of world’s population was overseas Europeans/descendants

1930: became 11%

Australia, New Zealand: became settler colonies

1900: New Zealand’s European population outnumbered native Maori by 700,000 to 40,000

South Pacific: European outposts overwhelmed native populations

conquest

acquisition of lands

disease

also went to South Africa, Kenya, Rhodesia, Algeria, elsewhere → sharp racial divide

Americas: greatest impact

Latin America: 20% of migratory stream (mostly from Italy, Spain, Portugal)

Argentina, Brazil: 80% of Latin American immigrants

“white”; enhanced social weight of European element in those countries; had economic advantages over mixed-race, native, African populations

distinctive immigrant experience

far larger, more diverse

offered affordable land, industrial jobs (not available in Latin America)

turned immigrant experience into national myth: melting pot

earlier immigrants (mostly Protestant) were not welcoming to later Catholics, Jews

seen as inferior, “un-American”

blamed for crime, labor unrest, socialist ideas

Russia

after freeing of serfs (1861), 13 million Russian, Ukrainians migrated to Siberia

overwhelmed native populations

others went to Central Asia

reasons for moving

availability of land

prospect of greater freedom for tsarist restrictions, exploitation of aristocratic landowners

construction of trans-Siberian railroad

Russian government encouraged, aided process

hoped to forestall Chinese pressures in region

wanted to relieve growing population pressures in more densely-settled western lands of empire

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