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9. Globalization

1900-2001

9.1-9.3 Technology

Communication

Radio

1980s: Guglielmo Marconi developed wireless telegraph (radio)

developed for military in WWI; popular with public for news/entertainment by 1920s

1930s famous broadcasts:

Hindenburg Disaster (German aircraft combusted in New Jersey)

War of the Worlds (nonfiction dystopian drama)

Fireside Chats (Roosevelt would discuss social security/lift morale during Great Depression)

Cellular

1973: first cell phone prototype developed

1979: 1G network launched in Japan

1983: Motorola launched first commercially-available cell phone in U.S.

“the Brick”

weighed 2lbs

30m of talk time

10h charge

$3995

1990s: Wireless Revolution began

SMS

MMS

1991: 2G network launched in Finland

2001: 3G launched

2002: Blackberry smartphone

2008: first iPhone

Internet

1960s: computers were mainframe systems owned by universities, corporations, governments

militaries and governments wanted computer networks that would function with portions removed

universities interested in networks to share data and research

1969: ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) created

first use: UCLA student logged into mainframe at Stanford (system crashed)

by 1970s, many universities and government computers joined the network

1983: ARPANET divided into two networks, civilian and military; collectively called the internet

Transportation

Shipping containers

standardized shipping containers to carry by boat, train, truck

promoted widespread movement of goods

Suez Canal (1869) and Panama Canal (1904) shortened travel times

Airplanes

widespread movement of people

1950s-1960s: air travel was expensive luxury for the Jet Set

1970s: falling fares made air travel a more common experience

The Concorde: first supersonic commercial jet

cruised at Mach 2

discontinued due to operational costs and noise (supersonic boom)

High-speed rails

required specially-built trains and tracks

Germany, U.S., Britain, France raced to produce high-speed trains

train development paused during WWII

after WWII, Japan took lead in high-speed rails

Shinkansen rail lines reach speeds of 200-275mph

MagLev trains reach speeds of 375mph

Agriculture

Green Revolution (1966-1985)

Norman Borlaug

father of Green Revolution

worked with farmers in Mexico, India, Pakistan

inventions:

disease-resistant varieties of wheat

high-yield grains

GMO seeds

synthetic fertilizers/pesticides

irrigation

increased global food production to help alleviate world hunger

criticisms:

massive population growth

poor diets due to mostly eating grains

pesticide increase poisoned local water sources, fish, wildlife

monoculture over biodiversity

soil depletion and damage due to chemicals

small family farmers could not compete with large farms

Green Belt Movement (1977)

Professor Wangari Maathai in Kenya

grassroots organization to address global deforestation and impact on women

connected marginalization and poverty of women to environmental degradation

empowered women; planting of trees to control environment

Energy

Petroleum

first used as source for for kerosene (paraffin oil); highly-flammable

gasoline created as byproduct of extracting kerosene from crude oil

internal combustion engine increased demand for gasoline

oil conglomerates manipulated supply to control profits

1870-1911: Standard Oil held monopoly in U.S.

1960-present: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has 13 members

problems:

non-renewable

contributor to global warming and climate change

competition for limited resource leads to conflict

Nuclear power

ability to control nuclear reaction and harness its energy to power cities

1955: first nuclear power plant in Idaho; technology expanded rapidly in 1970s-1980s

benefits:

no greenhouse gases

sustainable energy source

drawbacks:

threat to people

expensive compared to alternatives

disasters:

1979: Three Mile Island (U.S.) from cooling malfunction

1986: Chernobyl (USSR) from safety test gone wrong

Green Revolution (1966-1985)

Green Belt Movement (1977)

Energy

Petroleum

Nuclear power

Environmental limitations

9.4, 9.7, 9.8 Global economics; resistance to globalization

Free market economics

Modern economies

Production economies

Knowledge economies

Changes and continuities

New economic institutions

Multinational corporations

Global economic institutions

Regional trade agreements

Resistance to globalizations

9.5 Calls for reform

Global human rights movement

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Modern genocides, ethnic cleansings

Civil rights movements

Race

Negritude movement

Caste reservation system

Women

Global feminism

Global women’s suffrage

State and reproductive freedom

Gender-based violence

Religion

Liberation Theology

Religious fundamentalism

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