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8. Cold War and Decolonization

1900-2001

8.1-8.3 Cold War

Beginnings

superpowers disagreed about fate of Europe after World War II

democracy (USA)

communism (USSR)

Cold War (1945-1991)

period of competition and hostility between USA and USSR

“cold”: no direct fighting (proxy wars in other nations and areas)

Stalin wanted “buffer zone” to protect USSR from future invasion

Iron Curtain: dividing line separating communist East from democratic West

USA reacted by initiating policy of containment to keep communism from spreading

Truman Doctrine: military help for countries that rejected communism

Marshall Plan: financial aid to rebuild western Europe

Opposing alliances

1949: USA created North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

USA, Canada, Europe

promised to protect each other if attacked

1955: Stalin created Warsaw Pact (USSR and 7 Eastern Europe communist nations)

non-aligned nations

many nations refused to pick sides

played both sides against each other for their benefit

In Germany

Two Germanies, two Berlins

Germany and Berlin divided into four zones (USA, Britain, France, USSR)

east: communist

west: democratic

island of democracy surrounded by communist control

Stalin tried to starve democracy out

blockaded all roads into West Berlin (Jun. 1948)

Berlin Airlift (Jun. 1948 - May 1949): 24/7 planes to airlift supplies to West Berlin

considered first “battle” of Cold War

Berlin Wall (1961)

West Berlin was more prosperous than East Berlin; many Germans fled to West

USSR built wall around West Berlin to stop people from leaving communist East

became bigger, more security, more deadly over decades

stood for 28 years; fell in 1989

Intensification

Arms race

USA had nuclear monopoly after WWII until USSR tested its first atomic bomb (1949)

USA created hydrogen bomb (1952) that was 1000x more powerful; USSR developed too (1953)

arms race: each side raced to build more bombs and bigger bombs

Brinkmanship: each side willing to go to the brink (edge) of war

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): attacking first did not guarantee safety

Space Race

Oct. 1957: USSR launched Sputnik (first satellite in orbit)

Americans fell behind

created NASA

increased education in math/science

Nov. 1957: USSR launched Sputnik 2 with Laika on board (first living organism sent into space)

Jan. 1961: USA sent Ham (chimpanzee)

Apr. 1961: USSR sent Yuri Gagarin (first man into space)

Jun. 1963: USSR sent Valentina Tereshkova (first woman) for three days in orbit

1965: USSR did first space walk; USA sent first satellite to Mars

1968: USA was first to reach the moon (orbit and return)

1969: USA sent Neil Armstrong (first man to walk on the moon)

8.4 Cold War in Asia

China

History review

1800s: Century of Humiliation

Opium War

unequal treaties

Boxers

1911: Xinhai Revolution

imperial rule ended

China became republic

Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist Party took control of China

1919: May 4th Movement

protests against Japanese control of China

led to creation of Communist Party in China

Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)

nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) vs. communists (Mao Zedong)

communists losing badly

1934: Mao Zedong led Long March

retreated 6,000 miles over 368 days

Mao became undisputed leader of Communist Party

1937: Japan invaded China; KMT and communists allied to fight Japan

1945: Japan defeated; Civil War resumed

1949: communists won Civil War

Mao became dictator of China

KMT nationalists fled to Taiwan

created two Chinas

People’s Republic of China

communist

Mao Zedong

Republic of China (Taiwan)

nationalist

Chiang Kai-shek

Compared to USSR

China attempted to copy USSR

1950: Land Reform

Mao returned land to peasants to rid China of landlord class

peasants sought retribution through Speak Bitterness campaigns

pubic hearings; peasants confronted landlords

1953-1957: First Five Year Plan

aided by USSR

rapid industrialization

heavy industries

urban factories

led to impressive economic growth and rapid urbanization

improvements in literacy, education created technically-trained workforce

Two Germanies, two Berlins

Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)

Compared to USSR

Great Leap Forward (1958)

Cultural Revolution (1966)

Korea

Spread of communism

Today

8.5-8.7 Decolonization in Asia

Vietnam

Rise of Ho Chi Minh

U.S. entered Vietnam War

8.5-8.7 Decolonization of India

History review

Indian National Congress (INC)

Effects of World War I

Creation of Bangladesh

Post-independence

8.5-8.7 Creation of Israel

Palestine

Zionism

Creation of Israel

UN Partition Plan (1947)

Arab-Israeli Wars

First Arab-Israeli War (1948)

Suez Crisis (1956)

Six-Day War (1967)

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Ongoing conflict

Terrorism against Israel

Push for peace

Separation Wall

8.5-8.7 Decolonization in Latin America

Cuba

Cuban Revolution (1959)

Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

8.5-8.7 Decolonization in Africa

Algeria

Angola

Groups in Angolan Civil War

Poznan Protests (1956)

Hungarian Revolution (1956)

Prague Spring (1968)

Stalemate in Afghanistan (1979-89)

Iranian Revolution (1979)

USSR and China (cools down)

Deng Xiaoping in China (1976)

Mikhail Gorbachev in USSR (1985)

Revolutions of 1989

End of Cold War

End of USSR

New frontiers in communism

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