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7. Global Conflict

1900-2001

7.1 Shifting power

Ottoman Empire → Turkey

Ottoman Revolutions

rise of Young Ottomans

new class with Western-style education

military officers

writers

journalists

embraced Islamic modernism

European-style government with a constitution that limited the power of the sultan

Western technology and science; rejected materialism

kept their Islamic identity

Sultan Abd al-Hamid initially supported the Young Ottomans

accepted a constitution and elected parliament (1876)

soon overthrew reforms; returned to despotic (absolute) rule

rise of Young Turks

military, civilian elites opposed sultan’s rule; military coup (1908)

abandoned any reference to Islam

advocated secular public life

modernization

secularization of schools, courts, law codes

modern schools

constitution, elections, political parties

Turkish was official national language

women allowed to go to school, wear Western-style clothing

Turkish nationalism antagonized non-Turkic peoples of Ottoman Empire

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Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers in World War I

sought to regain territory lost to European powers

did not have the industrial might to produce weapons for the war effort

major casualties in the Battle of Gallipoli (trench warfare)

British troops occupied Istanbul (capital)

Ottoman Empire signed Treaty of Sevres at the end of World War I

partitioned non-Turkic lands among Europeans under the mandate system

Britain

Iraq

Palestine

Transjordan

France

Syria

Lebanon

division of land among arbitrary borders caused modern-day conflicts

Turkish war for independence

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)

led nationalist forces against occupying Europeans

hoped to revoke the Treaty of Sevres and create an independent Turkey

Treaty of Lausanne (1923): international recognition of Republic of Turkey

Atatürk’s reforms: secularization, modernization, westernization

cultural

secular laws replaced Islamic laws

surnames

new Turkish alphabet

political

parliament replaced sultanate

democratic republic

social

equality between sexes

political rights given to women

Fez (hat) outlawed

economic

state-owned factories

national railroad

banking system

Qing Dynasty → Republic of China

Century of humiliation

Opium Wars: defeated; led to spheres of influence

self-strengthening movement: failed to industrialize

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): lost territory to industrialized Japan

Boxer Rebellion: led to foreign occupation of Beijing; reparation payments

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Sun Yat-sen

studied western political ideas

Enlightenment

revolution

democracy

Three Principles of the People

nationalism: free China from foreigners

democracy: allow Chinese to control own government

socialism: achieve equalization of land ownership through taxes

Xinhai Rebellion against Qing dynasty; child emperor Puyi abdicated (1912)

Republic of China created

Sun Yat-sen was first president

founded KMT Kuomintang/Guomindang (Nationalist Party)

later fought communists for control over China

Russia → Soviet Union

Russian Revolution (1905)

caused by military losses in East Asia

peasant uprising

troop mutinies

reasons

better working conditions

better wages

voting rights

Bloody Sunday: tsar’s troops fired on crowd; 1300 killed

impacts

October Manifesto: civil rights, Duma (elected parliament)

reforms meant to curtail tsar’s absolute power; false promises

World War I (1914)

Russia entered World War I to defend Serbia

Russia partially modernized; peasant-based

ill-equipped to fight due to late industrialization

especially compared to more heavily-industrialized nations (e.g. Germany)

impacts

massive casualties

food shortages

not enough supplies

Monarchy overthrown (1917)

Tsar Nicholas abdicated February 1917; ended 300 years of the Romanov Dynasty

many different groups sought power in Russia

provisional government: kept Russia in World War I

Reds: Bolshevik communists led by Vladimir Lenin (“peace, land, bread”)

Whites: anti-communists, pro-capitalists, tsar loyalists

Rise of Soviet Union

October 1917: Bolsheviks seized power in overnight coup

members of provisional government fled or were arrested

Lenin signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers (March 1918); Russia officially pulled out of World War I

three years of civil war between Red and White armies

Reds victorious by 1921; Russia became the USSR

communist country; followed ideas of Karl Marx

abolition of private property: no more landed aristocracy

political and economic equality: worker collective

Mexican Revolution

President Porfirio Diaz (dictatorship)

ruled since 1876

reelected 8 times

used military, police to repress dissent

built 25,000 miles of railroads

ended communal ejido lands; transferred land to haciendas

opened Mexico to foreign investors

oil fields, mines, industries

1910: American companies owned 25% of all Mexican land (economic imperialism)

Rebel groups

Francisco Madero challenged Diaz

imprisoned; escaped

fled to Texas

wrote Plan de San Luis de Potosí calling for revolution

rebel groups formed from all corners of Mexico; led by charismatic generals

aristocrats

Venustiano Carranza

Victoriano Huerta

Francisco Madero

middle class

Álvaro Obregón

Pascual Orozco

peasants

Pancho Villa

Emiliano Zapata

1911: Porfirio Diaz resigned after losing Battle of Juarez; Madero became president

Fractured alliances and goals

Madera

return to 1857 constitution

limits to presidential terms

Orozco

improve conditions of working class

nationalization of railroads

Plan Orozquista

revolted against Madero (1912)

Zapata

land reform; redistribution to peasants

Plan of Ayala: called for land reform

revolted against Madero (1911)

Succession of insurgencies

1913: Madero overthrown by Huerta (with help from United States) and murdered

1914: Huerta forced to resign after United States occupation of Veracruz; exiled

1914: Aguascalientes Convention

settle differences between revolutionaries

Zapata and Villa joined forces against Carranza and Obregón; defeated in 1915

1917: new constitution; Carranza elected president (later assassinated)

redistributed land

limited foreign ownership

guaranteed rights of workers

1920: Obregón elected president; made lasting peace with most groups in Mexico

7.2-7.3 World War I

Causes (MAIN)

militarism

glorification of military: seeing war in positive light

building up large armies

alliances

agreement between nations to defend each other

Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Italy initially; switched sides)

Allied Powers (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia; later U.S., China, Japan

imperialism

formal or informal economic or political domination over another

overseas expansion rivalries led to conflicts

colonies in Africa, Asia called on for support (global war)

nationalism

feeling of pride in one’s own nation or identity

sense of commonality based on language, religion, culture, territory

harnessed by governments to foster sense of unity and superiority

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Balkan Crisis

Nationalism

Bosnia had many Serbs, Slavs

annexed by Austria-Hungary

viewed Austrians as oppressors

Serbia threatened by Austria-Hungary; allied with Russia (also Slavic)

Assassination of archduke

Archduke Franz Ferdinand; heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

visited Sarajevo, Bosnia (June 28, 1914); shot by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist group)

July Crisis

7.1 Shifting power

Ottoman Empire → Turkey

Ottoman Revolutions

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Turkish war for independence

Qing Dynasty → Republic of China

Century of humiliation

Collapse

Russia → Soviet Union

Russian Revolution (1905)

World War I (1914)

Monarchy overthrown (1917)

Rise of Soviet Union

Mexican Revolution

President Porfirio Diaz (dictatorship)

Rebel groups

Fractured alliances and goals

Succession of insurgencies

Assassination of archduke

United States’ entrance

7.8 Armenian Genocide

Official definition (United Nations)

Nationalism → genocide

American relief efforts

Turkish court martial

Armenian diaspora

Turkish denial

7.4-7.5 Interwar Years

League of Nations

Organization (1920)

Struggle

Roaring Twenties (Années folles)

Age of prosperity

Rise of mass consumerism

Gender roles

New art and architecture

Great Depression

Unraveling of capitalism

Nationalism in colonies

Indian National Congress (INC)

French West Africa

7.6 Rise of dictators

Mussolini (Italy)

Tensions from World War I

Rise of Mussolini

First totalitarian state

Hitler (Germany)

Tensions from World War I

Rise of Hitler

Totalitarianism

Tojo (Japan)

Tensions from World War I

Revolutionary Right

Franco (Spain)

Life under Franco

Spain during World War II

Second Republic of Spain

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

Stalin (USSR)

Rise of Stalin

Avoiding Great Depression

Total communist control

Failure of League of Nations

Europe

German aggression

German attack on Allies

German invasion of USSR

Asia

Nationalism in Japanese control

Co-prosperity sphere

Japanese attack on U.S.

Political restructuring

Creation of United Nations

7.8 World War II atrocities

Holodomor (1932-1933)

History of Ukraine

Stalin’s policies

Impact

The Great Purge (1937)

Stalin’s Paranoia

Moscow Trials

Impact

The Holocaust (1935-1945)

Hitler’s anti-Semitism

Nuremberg Race Laws (1935)

Kristallnacht (1938)

Attempted fleeing

Ghettos and concentration camps

Final Solution

Impact

Rape/Massacre of Nanking/Nanjing (1937)

World War II in Asia

Destruction of Nanking

Impact

Japanese POW camps (1939-1945)

Comfort women (1935-1945)

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