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7. Global Conflict

1900-2001

7.1 Shifting power

Ottoman Empire → Turkey

Ottoman Revolutions

rise of Young Ottomans
new class with Western-style education
military officers
writers
journalists
embraced Islamic modernism
European-style government with a constitution that limited the power of the sultan
Western technology and science; rejected materialism
kept their Islamic identity
Sultan Abd al-Hamid initially supported the Young Ottomans
accepted a constitution and elected parliament (1876)
soon overthrew reforms; returned to despotic (absolute) rule
rise of Young Turks
military, civilian elites opposed sultan’s rule; military coup (1908)
abandoned any reference to Islam
advocated secular public life
modernization
secularization of schools, courts, law codes
modern schools
constitution, elections, political parties
Turkish was official national language
women allowed to go to school, wear Western-style clothing
Turkish nationalism antagonized non-Turkic peoples of Ottoman Empire

Collapse

Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers in World War I
sought to regain territory lost to European powers
did not have the industrial might to produce weapons for the war effort
major casualties in the Battle of Gallipoli (trench warfare)
British troops occupied Istanbul (capital)
Ottoman Empire signed Treaty of Sevres at the end of World War I
partitioned non-Turkic lands among Europeans under the mandate system
Britain
Iraq
Palestine
Transjordan
France
Syria
Lebanon
division of land among arbitrary borders caused modern-day conflicts

Turkish war for independence

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
led nationalist forces against occupying Europeans
hoped to revoke the Treaty of Sevres and create an independent Turkey
Treaty of Lausanne (1923): international recognition of Republic of Turkey
Atatürk’s reforms: secularization, modernization, westernization
cultural
secular laws replaced Islamic laws
surnames
new Turkish alphabet
political
parliament replaced sultanate
democratic republic
social
equality between sexes
political rights given to women
Fez (hat) outlawed
economic
state-owned factories
national railroad
banking system

Qing Dynasty → Republic of China

Century of humiliation

Opium Wars: defeated; led to spheres of influence
self-strengthening movement: failed to industrialize
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): lost territory to industrialized Japan
Boxer Rebellion: led to foreign occupation of Beijing; reparation payments

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Sun Yat-sen
studied western political ideas
Enlightenment
revolution
democracy
Three Principles of the People
nationalism: free China from foreigners
democracy: allow Chinese to control own government
socialism: achieve equalization of land ownership through taxes
Xinhai Rebellion against Qing dynasty; child emperor Puyi abdicated (1912)
Republic of China created
Sun Yat-sen was first president
founded KMT Kuomintang/Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
later fought communists for control over China

Russia → Soviet Union

Russian Revolution (1905)

caused by military losses in East Asia
peasant uprising
troop mutinies
reasons
better working conditions
better wages
voting rights
Bloody Sunday: tsar’s troops fired on crowd; 1300 killed
impacts
October Manifesto: civil rights, Duma (elected parliament)
reforms meant to curtail tsar’s absolute power; false promises

World War I (1914)

Russia entered World War I to defend Serbia
Russia partially modernized; peasant-based
ill-equipped to fight due to late industrialization
especially compared to more heavily-industrialized nations (e.g. Germany)
impacts
massive casualties
food shortages
not enough supplies

Monarchy overthrown (1917)

Tsar Nicholas abdicated February 1917; ended 300 years of the Romanov Dynasty
many different groups sought power in Russia
provisional government: kept Russia in World War I
Reds: Bolshevik communists led by Vladimir Lenin (“peace, land, bread”)
Whites: anti-communists, pro-capitalists, tsar loyalists

Rise of Soviet Union

October 1917: Bolsheviks seized power in overnight coup
members of provisional government fled or were arrested
Lenin signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers (March 1918); Russia officially pulled out of World War I
three years of civil war between Red and White armies
Reds victorious by 1921; Russia became the USSR
communist country; followed ideas of Karl Marx
abolition of private property: no more landed aristocracy
political and economic equality: worker collective

Mexican Revolution

President Porfirio Diaz (dictatorship)

ruled since 1876
reelected 8 times
used military, police to repress dissent
built 25,000 miles of railroads
ended communal ejido lands; transferred land to haciendas
opened Mexico to foreign investors
oil fields, mines, industries
1910: American companies owned 25% of all Mexican land (economic imperialism)

Rebel groups

Francisco Madero challenged Diaz
imprisoned; escaped
fled to Texas
wrote Plan de San Luis de Potosí calling for revolution
rebel groups formed from all corners of Mexico; led by charismatic generals
aristocrats
Venustiano Carranza
Victoriano Huerta
Francisco Madero
middle class
Álvaro Obregón
Pascual Orozco
peasants
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
1911: Porfirio Diaz resigned after losing Battle of Juarez; Madero became president

Fractured alliances and goals

Madera
7.1 Shifting power
Ottoman Empire → Turkey
Ottoman Revolutions
Collapse
Turkish war for independence
Qing Dynasty → Republic of China
Century of humiliation
Collapse
Russia → Soviet Union
Russian Revolution (1905)
World War I (1914)
Monarchy overthrown (1917)
Rise of Soviet Union
Mexican Revolution
President Porfirio Diaz (dictatorship)
Rebel groups
Fractured alliances and goals
Succession of insurgencies
7.2-7.3 World War I
Causes (MAIN)
Balkan Crisis
Nationalism
Assassination of archduke
July Crisis
New type of war
Tactics
Technology
Major battles
United States’ entrance
Russia’s exit
End
Impacts
Political
Social
7.8 Armenian Genocide
History of Armenia
Under Ottoman rule
Genocide
History (Lemkin)
Official definition (United Nations)
Nationalism → genocide
Turkish nationalism
World War I
Armenian Genocide
Response
American relief efforts
Turkish court martial
Armenian diaspora
Turkish denial
7.4-7.5 Interwar Years
League of Nations
Organization (1920)
Struggle
Roaring Twenties (Années folles)
Age of prosperity
Rise of mass consumerism
Gender roles
New art and architecture
Great Depression
Unraveling of capitalism
Rise of state
Fascism
Rise in Europe
Fascist corporatism
Appeal of fascism
Colonial tensions
Nationalism in colonies
Indian National Congress (INC)
French West Africa
7.6 Rise of dictators
Mussolini (Italy)
Tensions from World War I
Rise of Mussolini
First totalitarian state
Hitler (Germany)
Tensions from World War I
Rise of Hitler
Totalitarianism
Tojo (Japan)
Tensions from World War I
Revolutionary Right
Franco (Spain)
Life under Franco
Spain during World War II
Second Republic of Spain
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Stalin (USSR)
Rise of Stalin
Avoiding Great Depression
Total communist control
7.6-7.7 World War II
Causes
Aggression
Appeasement
Totalitarianism
Failure of League of Nations
Europe
German aggression
German attack on Allies
German invasion of USSR
Asia
Nationalism in Japanese control
Co-prosperity sphere
Japanese attack on U.S.
Regrouped Allies
The Big 3
Invasion of Europe
Invasion of Japan
Impacts
Human cost
Political restructuring
Creation of United Nations
7.8 World War II atrocities
Holodomor (1932-1933)
History of Ukraine
Stalin’s policies
Impact
The Great Purge (1937)
Stalin’s Paranoia
Moscow Trials
Impact
The Holocaust (1935-1945)
Hitler’s anti-Semitism
Nuremberg Race Laws (1935)
Kristallnacht (1938)
Attempted fleeing
Ghettos and concentration camps
Final Solution
Impact
Rape/Massacre of Nanking/Nanjing (1937)
World War II in Asia
Destruction of Nanking
Impact
Japanese POW camps (1939-1945)
Comfort women (1935-1945)
What
How
Where
Who
Atomic bomb (1945)
Manhattan Project
Japan’s persistence
Impact
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