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rise of Young Ottomansnew class with Western-style educationmilitary officerswritersjournalistsembraced Islamic modernismEuropean-style government with a constitution that limited the power of the sultanWestern technology and science; rejected materialismkept their Islamic identitySultan Abd al-Hamid initially supported the Young Ottomansaccepted a constitution and elected parliament (1876)soon overthrew reforms; returned to despotic (absolute) rulerise of Young Turksmilitary, civilian elites opposed sultan’s rule; military coup (1908)abandoned any reference to Islamadvocated secular public lifemodernizationsecularization of schools, courts, law codesmodern schoolsconstitution, elections, political partiesTurkish was official national languagewomen allowed to go to school, wear Western-style clothingTurkish nationalism antagonized non-Turkic peoples of Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers in World War Isought to regain territory lost to European powersdid not have the industrial might to produce weapons for the war effortmajor casualties in the Battle of Gallipoli (trench warfare)British troops occupied Istanbul (capital)Ottoman Empire signed Treaty of Sevres at the end of World War Ipartitioned non-Turkic lands among Europeans under the mandate systemBritainIraqPalestineTransjordanFranceSyriaLebanondivision of land among arbitrary borders caused modern-day conflicts
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)led nationalist forces against occupying Europeanshoped to revoke the Treaty of Sevres and create an independent TurkeyTreaty of Lausanne (1923): international recognition of Republic of TurkeyAtatürk’s reforms: secularization, modernization, westernizationculturalsecular laws replaced Islamic lawssurnamesnew Turkish alphabetpoliticalparliament replaced sultanatedemocratic republicsocialequality between sexespolitical rights given to womenFez (hat) outlawedeconomicstate-owned factoriesnational railroadbanking system
Opium Wars: defeated; led to spheres of influenceself-strengthening movement: failed to industrializeSino-Japanese War (1894-1895): lost territory to industrialized JapanBoxer Rebellion: led to foreign occupation of Beijing; reparation payments
Sun Yat-senstudied western political ideas EnlightenmentrevolutiondemocracyThree Principles of the Peoplenationalism: free China from foreignersdemocracy: allow Chinese to control own governmentsocialism: achieve equalization of land ownership through taxesXinhai Rebellion against Qing dynasty; child emperor Puyi abdicated (1912)Republic of China createdSun Yat-sen was first presidentfounded KMT Kuomintang/Guomindang (Nationalist Party)later fought communists for control over China
caused by military losses in East Asiapeasant uprisingtroop mutiniesreasonsbetter working conditionsbetter wagesvoting rightsBloody Sunday: tsar’s troops fired on crowd; 1300 killedimpactsOctober Manifesto: civil rights, Duma (elected parliament)reforms meant to curtail tsar’s absolute power; false promises
Russia entered World War I to defend SerbiaRussia partially modernized; peasant-basedill-equipped to fight due to late industrializationespecially compared to more heavily-industrialized nations (e.g. Germany)impactsmassive casualtiesfood shortagesnot enough supplies
Tsar Nicholas abdicated February 1917; ended 300 years of the Romanov Dynastymany different groups sought power in Russiaprovisional government: kept Russia in World War IReds: Bolshevik communists led by Vladimir Lenin (“peace, land, bread”)Whites: anti-communists, pro-capitalists, tsar loyalists
October 1917: Bolsheviks seized power in overnight coupmembers of provisional government fled or were arrestedLenin signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers (March 1918); Russia officially pulled out of World War Ithree years of civil war between Red and White armiesReds victorious by 1921; Russia became the USSRcommunist country; followed ideas of Karl Marxabolition of private property: no more landed aristocracypolitical and economic equality: worker collective
ruled since 1876reelected 8 timesused military, police to repress dissentbuilt 25,000 miles of railroadsended communal ejido lands; transferred land to haciendasopened Mexico to foreign investorsoil fields, mines, industries1910: American companies owned 25% of all Mexican land (economic imperialism)
Francisco Madero challenged Diazimprisoned; escapedfled to Texaswrote Plan de San Luis de Potosí calling for revolutionrebel groups formed from all corners of Mexico; led by charismatic generalsaristocratsVenustiano CarranzaVictoriano HuertaFrancisco Maderomiddle classÁlvaro ObregónPascual OrozcopeasantsPancho VillaEmiliano Zapata1911: Porfirio Diaz resigned after losing Battle of Juarez; Madero became president
Maderareturn to 1857 constitution limits to presidential termsOrozcoimprove conditions of working classnationalization of railroadsPlan Orozquistarevolted against Madero (1912)Zapataland reform; redistribution to peasantsPlan of Ayala: called for land reformrevolted against Madero (1911)
1913: Madero overthrown by Huerta (with help from United States) and murdered1914: Huerta forced to resign after United States occupation of Veracruz; exiled1914: Aguascalientes Conventionsettle differences between revolutionariesZapata and Villa joined forces against Carranza and Obregón; defeated in 19151917: new constitution; Carranza elected president (later assassinated)redistributed landlimited foreign ownershipguaranteed rights of workers1920: Obregón elected president; made lasting peace with most groups in Mexico
militarismglorification of military: seeing war in positive lightbuilding up large armiesalliancesagreement between nations to defend each otherCentral Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Italy initially; switched sides)Allied Powers (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia; later U.S., China, Japanimperialismformal or informal economic or political domination over anotheroverseas expansion rivalries led to conflictscolonies in Africa, Asia called on for support (global war)nationalismfeeling of pride in one’s own nation or identitysense of commonality based on language, religion, culture, territoryharnessed by governments to foster sense of unity and superiority
Bosnia had many Serbs, Slavsannexed by Austria-Hungaryviewed Austrians as oppressorsSerbia threatened by Austria-Hungary; allied with Russia (also Slavic)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand; heir to the throne of Austria-Hungaryvisited Sarajevo, Bosnia (June 28, 1914); shot by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist group)
Austria-Hungary outraged; made demands of Serbiastop trying to unite Slavic peoplespurge their armies of anti-Austrian agitatorssuppress anti-Austrian propoganda in pressprosecute ringleaders on Serbian soil (done by Austria)Serbia agreed to most, not all, demandsAustria declared war on Serbia (July 28, 1914); set off chain reaction of military alliances in Europe
Schieffen Plan: Germany’s attempt to avoid two-front warstrike France first and win before Russia can mobilizerequired invading neutral Belgium, provoking BritainFrench defeated Germans at First Battle of the MarneWestern Front: Germany v. France; trench warfare led to four-year stalemateEastern Front: Germany v. Russia; more movement and casualtiestrench warfare: system of deep ditches to protect from enemy fire; hard to gain groundtotal war: mobilization of country’s entire population and resourcescivilians at home engaged in war effort; governments expanded authorityvast propoganda campaigns controlled public opinion
new weapons made it easier to kill large numbers of soldierspoison gas: blinding, choking, burning; limited rangemachine guns: firing repeatedly without reloading; 400-600 bullets/minairplanes, zeppelins: reconnaissance and bombingtanks: crossing trenches; created by Britishsubmarines: attacking supply ships; created by Germans
originally neutral; let Europe deal with their own problemsGermany began unrestricted submarine warfaresank Lusitania (May 7, 1915)killed 128 Americansclaimed it was carrying weapons to Britain (true)U.S. sent protest to Germany over deathsGermany promised to stop attacking neutral shipsnot followed throughBritain intercepted Zimmerman notesecret message from Germany to Mexicomessage: Germany will help Mexico get its land back if it attacks the U.S.U.S. declared war on Germany (Apr. 1917)
suffered most in World War Imassive casualtiesfood, fuel shortagesMar. 1917: Russian tsar overthrown; new leaders kept Russia in warJul. 1917: Kerensky Offensive (massive attack) failedOct. 1917: Vladimir Lenin took power in Russiasigned Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; pulled Russia out of World War Iallowed Germany to move all resources to Western Front
7. Global Conflict
1900-2001
7.1 Shifting power
Ottoman Empire → Turkey
Ottoman Revolutions
Collapse
Turkish war for independence
Qing Dynasty → Republic of China
Century of humiliation
Collapse
Russia → Soviet Union
Russian Revolution (1905)
World War I (1914)
Monarchy overthrown (1917)
Rise of Soviet Union
Mexican Revolution
President Porfirio Diaz (dictatorship)
Rebel groups
Fractured alliances and goals
Succession of insurgencies
7.2-7.3 World War I
Causes (MAIN)
Balkan Crisis
Nationalism
Assassination of archduke
July Crisis
New type of war
Tactics
Technology
Major battles
Name
Date
Front
Winner
Significance
Battle of Tannenberg
Aug. 1914
Eastern
Central
devastated Russian army
First Battle of the Marne
Sep. 1914
Western
Allied
Schlieffen Plan fails; German must fight two-front war; trench warfare
Battle of Gallipoli
Feb. 1915 - Jan 1916
Eastern
Central
massive Turkish casualties; key moment in history of modern-day Turkey
Battle of Verdun
Feb. - Dec. 1916
Western
Allied
longest and most deadly battle
Battle of Jutland
Jun. 1916
Western
Allied
British v. German battleships; confirmed British naval dominance
Brusilov Offensive
Jun. - Sep. 1916
Eastern
Allied
permanently debilitated Austria-Hungary; left Germany to fight alone
Battle of the Somme
Jul. - Nov. 1916
Western
Allied
first time tanks used in battle
Kerensky Offensive
Jul. 1917
Eastern
Central
total collapse of Russian army; Russia pulled out of World War I
Battle of Contigny
May 1918
Western
Allied
first American offensive; proved U.S. army as effective fighting force
Second Battle of the Marne
Jul. 1918
Western
Allied
Germany’s last offensive attack
There are no rows in this table
United States’ entrance
Russia’s exit
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