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6. Consequences of Industrialization

1750-1900

6.1 Causes of imperialism

Imperialism

Definition

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life by another country/region

direct control: foreign powers control government and hold highest positions of power

indirect control: foreign powers force native government to sign unequal treaties

gives outside powers special political, economic privileges

native government in control; limited ability to make independent decisions

First wave: 1500s-1600s

Spain, Portugal: Americas

British, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese: Indian Ocean trading post empires

Second wave: 1700s-1800s

focused on Africa, Asia, Oceania

major: Britain, France, Americas

minor: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Japan

increasing opposition to imperialism → supporters had to justify their actions → creation of cultural, religious, racial ideologies

Economic

Causes

industrialization required cheap raw materials

palm oil (West Africa)

cotton (India, Egypt)

copper (Chile)

rubber (Amazon, Congo)

gold, diamonds (South Africa)

meat (Argentina)

mass production led to surplus goods that were sold in foreign markets

Methods

foreign investment: helped build infrastructure (roads, railroads, ports)

aided movement of raw materials for export

became dependent on foreign investment

examples: Suez Canal, Panama Canal

foreign debt: could not repay foreign investment

forced to give foreign countries economic privileges for additional loans or forgiveness of debt

control over financial decisions

foreign governments often controlled taxes, spending, import/export policies

Political

Causes

more territory → more strength/security

more colonies → more powerful nation

newly unified Germany, Italy: sought to gain colonies

United States, Japan: colonized to show that they became world powers

Nationalism

the people should have the right to rule themselves with their own government

became twisted to the idea that one’s own nation was superior to other nations; nation had the right to rule over others

created competitive attitude among nations; raced to take colonies before competitors

Social

Mission to civilize

non-European populations seen as “backwards”, “uncivilized”, “heathen”

“the white man’s burden”: Europeans had moral obligation to spread western culture

Religious

moral obligation to spread Christianity

Social Darwinism

based on ideas of natural selection and evolution

“survival of the fittest”

certain races viewed as innately better, superior

scientific racism: attempted to use science to justify racial superiority

pseudoscience: not scientific but tried to be

eugenics: controlled human reproduction of “inferior” races

human zoos: colonial peoples were presented as exhibits for white entertainment

1904 World’s Fair Exhibit on the Igorot People (PBS)

significance of Philippine exhibit: show America’s world power (annexed colonies from Spain)

President McKinley: “save the little brown brothers”

evidence of “white man’s burden”: school teachers, military people, anthropologists went to Philippines

evolutionary aspect of anthropology: believed there were races that were inherently barbaric or enlightened, based on skin color

6.2-6.3 Imperialism in Africa

Early imperialism

Early European colonies

primarily in coastal areas

largest areas controlled by Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Britain

struggled due to malaria and yellow fever

1817: discovered quinine as a cure for malaria

European exploration

nations began sponsoring expeditions to inland Africa

motives: curiosity, discovery → resources, markets

David Livingstone: mapped Zambezi River, walked across Africa; went missing trying to find source of Nile River

Henry Stanley: most famous African explorer of time period

crossed continent looking for “missing” Dr. Livingstone

hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to obtain treaties with local chieftains along Congo River (central Africa)

Partition of Africa

Scramble for Africa

1880-1914

rubber discovered in Congo Basin (central Africa); claimed by King Leopold of Belgium, as well as France, Portugal

diamonds, gold discovered in southern Africa; claimed by Dutch (Boers) and British

conflicting territorial claims led to armed conflict

Berlin Conference

1884

convened by Otto von Bismarck (led unification effort for Germany)

14 European nations (United States did not attend) met to diplomatically divide Africa; no African leaders present

European claims to African territory followed by “occupation”: occupying territory to expand empires

King Leopold given control of Congo Free State in Central Africa

personally owned by Leopold, not Belgium

humanitarian interests

ending slavery

“free state”: Leopold claimed that nations could trade freely in the colony

impact: colonial borders drawn without consideration to historic ethnic, political boundaries established by Africans

Boer War (South Africa)

Dutch colony in South Africa (late 1600s)

part of Dutch East India Company trading post empire

Afrikaans-speaking Dutch farmers (Boers) settled in colony; used slaves to work farms

British invasion (1795)

6.1 Causes of imperialism

Imperialism

Definition

First wave: 1500s-1600s

Second wave: 1700s-1800s

6.2-6.3 Imperialism in Africa

Early imperialism

Early European colonies

Boer War (South Africa)

Dutch colony in South Africa (late 1600s)

British invasion (1795)

Boer Wars

Congo atrocities

King Leopold’s exploitation of Congo

Reactions

Connections to present

Africa’s resistance

Failed rebellions

Successful rebellion

6.2-6.3 Imperialism in India

Decline of Mughals

Early Mughals resisted British

Losing power (1700s)

British EIC’s control

British EIC policies

Lack of regard of culture

Doctrine of Lapse

Army policies

Indian/Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

6.2-6.3 Imperialism in the Pacific Ocean

Australia (Britain)

Penal colony (1788)

First nations pushed aside

Annexation of New Zealand (1840)

Western influence of kingdom

Planters’ want for power

Returning power to Hawaiians

Spanish colonies (USA)

Want for independence

“Remember the Maine!”

“Little brown brothers” (USA)

Hawaii annexed as territory

Cuban independence

Filipino want for independence

6.6-6.7 Causes and effects of global migration

Types of migrant labor

Effects of migration

Rise of “Coolie” trade

Demand for workers

Chinese and Japanese

Indians

Other major migrations

6.2, 6.3, 6.5 Imperialism in Asia

Imperial Russia

Finland

Russia defeats Napoleon’s invasion (1812)

Poland

Crimean War (1853-1856)

China (Qing dynasty)

Opium Wars (1840-1842, 1856-1858)

Taiping Uprising (1850-1864)

Self-strengthening movement (1861-1895)

Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901)

Imperial Japan

Sino-Japanese War (1895)

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Japan’s annex of Korea (1910)

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