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domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life by another country/regiondirect control: foreign powers control government and hold highest positions of powerindirect control: foreign powers force native government to sign unequal treatiesgives outside powers special political, economic privilegesnative government in control; limited ability to make independent decisions
Spain, Portugal: AmericasBritish, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese: Indian Ocean trading post empires
focused on Africa, Asia, Oceaniamajor: Britain, France, Americasminor: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Japanincreasing opposition to imperialism → supporters had to justify their actions → creation of cultural, religious, racial ideologies
industrialization required cheap raw materialspalm oil (West Africa)cotton (India, Egypt)copper (Chile)rubber (Amazon, Congo)gold, diamonds (South Africa)meat (Argentina)mass production led to surplus goods that were sold in foreign markets
foreign investment: helped build infrastructure (roads, railroads, ports)aided movement of raw materials for exportbecame dependent on foreign investmentexamples: Suez Canal, Panama Canalforeign debt: could not repay foreign investmentforced to give foreign countries economic privileges for additional loans or forgiveness of debtcontrol over financial decisionsforeign governments often controlled taxes, spending, import/export policies
more territory → more strength/securitymore colonies → more powerful nationnewly unified Germany, Italy: sought to gain coloniesUnited States, Japan: colonized to show that they became world powers
the people should have the right to rule themselves with their own governmentbecame twisted to the idea that one’s own nation was superior to other nations; nation had the right to rule over otherscreated competitive attitude among nations; raced to take colonies before competitors
non-European populations seen as “backwards”, “uncivilized”, “heathen”“the white man’s burden”: Europeans had moral obligation to spread western culture
moral obligation to spread Christianity
based on ideas of natural selection and evolution“survival of the fittest”certain races viewed as innately better, superiorscientific racism: attempted to use science to justify racial superioritypseudoscience: not scientific but tried to beeugenics: controlled human reproduction of “inferior” raceshuman zoos: colonial peoples were presented as exhibits for white entertainment1904 World’s Fair Exhibit on the Igorot People (PBS)significance of Philippine exhibit: show America’s world power (annexed colonies from Spain)President McKinley: “save the little brown brothers”evidence of “white man’s burden”: school teachers, military people, anthropologists went to Philippinesevolutionary aspect of anthropology: believed there were races that were inherently barbaric or enlightened, based on skin color
primarily in coastal areaslargest areas controlled by Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Britainstruggled due to malaria and yellow fever1817: discovered quinine as a cure for malaria
nations began sponsoring expeditions to inland Africamotives: curiosity, discovery → resources, marketsDavid Livingstone: mapped Zambezi River, walked across Africa; went missing trying to find source of Nile RiverHenry Stanley: most famous African explorer of time periodcrossed continent looking for “missing” Dr. Livingstonehired by King Leopold II of Belgium to obtain treaties with local chieftains along Congo River (central Africa)
1880-1914rubber discovered in Congo Basin (central Africa); claimed by King Leopold of Belgium, as well as France, Portugaldiamonds, gold discovered in southern Africa; claimed by Dutch (Boers) and Britishconflicting territorial claims led to armed conflict
1884convened by Otto von Bismarck (led unification effort for Germany)14 European nations (United States did not attend) met to diplomatically divide Africa; no African leaders presentEuropean claims to African territory followed by “occupation”: occupying territory to expand empiresKing Leopold given control of Congo Free State in Central Africapersonally owned by Leopold, not Belgiumhumanitarian interestsending slavery“free state”: Leopold claimed that nations could trade freely in the colonyimpact: colonial borders drawn without consideration to historic ethnic, political boundaries established by Africans
part of Dutch East India Company trading post empireAfrikaans-speaking Dutch farmers (Boers) settled in colony; used slaves to work farms
Boers migrated further inland (Great Trek) to escape British controlBritish abolitiontaxesmaking English the official language, replacing Afrikaansformed two independent republics: Orange Free State, Transvaaldiscovered gold, diamond in Boer territory → war with British
First Boer War: 1880-1881Boers successfully maintained independence from BritainSecond Boer War: 1889-1902Britain won, absorbed Boer RepublicsBritish forces vastly outnumbered Boers; Boers used guerrilla warfareBritish burned Boer farms, killed livestock, forced Boers in extermination camps
Congolese forced labor to extract rubberkidnapped Congolese women and children to force men to complywomen experienced rape, sexual slaveryto resist meant that your village was slaughtered and burnedquotas on rubber collection; failure led to hand amputationestimated half of population (10-15 million) died from torture, malnutrition
Roger Casement: investigated abuses; issued Casement ReportGeorge Washington Williams: African American journalist; wrote open letter condemning King LeopoldEdmund Dene Morel: British journalist; formed Congo Reform AssociationJoseph Conrad: Polish author; wrote Heart of Darkness after visiting CongoBelgium Parliament: forced King Leopold to give up control of Congo (1908)
2020: Belgium King expressed “regret” for what happened in the Congo; no formal apology issuedchocolate shops in Belgium sell “chocolate hands”
1856: Khosa Cattle Killing MovementSouth Africabelieved that killing cattle, destroying crops would summon ancestors to help expel white colonists1879: Zulu RebellionSouth Africaoutnumbered British but destroyed due to British firepower1890s: Samri TouréWest Africaking of Wasulu Empireresisted French encroachment → signed treaty with France to maintain independence → France broke treaty1905: Maji Maji rebellionTanganyika (East Africa)Germans forced Africans to grow cotton for export, pay high taxesbelieved maji maji (magic water) would turn German bulletes to water
1896: Battle of AdwaEthiopiaItalians attempted to trick Emperor Menelik II with different information in Italian and Ethiopia’s languageMenelik refused to sign the treatyItalian invasion; Ethiopia victoriousEthiopia was the only African nation to successfully resist European imperialism
Emperor Jahangir initially refused to grant British access to Indian portseventually gave British accessforced British to pay taxesEmperor Aurangzeb defeated British East India CompanyBritish refused to pay taxes in Bengal; seemed threatening to Mughal economyAurangzeb pardoned the company when they agreed to pay taxes
anti-Hindu policies of Aurangzeb, etc. caused rebellions; e.g. Maratha Empire (Hindu)Aurangzeb’s death led to civil war between his sons
originally granted three ports in India; expanded control in 1700sestablished private armies to aid expansion; recruited Indian men (Sepoys) into Company armypolicy of “divide and rule”manipulated rulers, suggesting that they needed British support to keep the throneplayed rulers against each other to keep India in chaosCompany’s army invaded, claiming it had to restore orderindirect rule: day-to-day governance left in hands of traditional Indian rulersEast India Company’s “advisors” essentially controlled all political and economic decisionscheaper way to rule colony; required fewer administratorsDiwani rights: gained right to collect taxes in Bengal regionused revenue to expand trade, strengthen armyincreased influence while Mughals’ decreased
outlawed sati, child marriages; allowed widows to remarryencouraged Christian missionaries in India; Indians feared forced conversionEnglish Education Act (1835)all instruction in schools was to be in EnglishEnglish became language of government administration, courtsIndians feared that their traditional ways of life were being threatened
if Indian rulers lacked male heir, their territory was annexedIndian culture allowed rulers to choose or adopt a successorif Indian rulers were declared “manifestly incompetent”, their territory was annexed
segregation of troopswhite British officerssepoys could not promoterecruitment of low-caste Hindus, Sikhs, Muslimsmilitary service traditionally belonged to high-caste Hindusthreatened caste systemlower pay for sepoy soldiers (not raised in 50 years)sepoys forced to serve outside India; forced Hindus to perform costly rites of purification
6. Consequences of Industrialization
1750-1900
6.1 Causes of imperialism
Imperialism
Definition
First wave: 1500s-1600s
Second wave: 1700s-1800s
Economic
Causes
Methods
Political
Causes
Nationalism
Social
Mission to civilize
Religious
Social Darwinism
6.2-6.3 Imperialism in Africa
Early imperialism
Early European colonies
European exploration
Partition of Africa
Scramble for Africa
Berlin Conference
Boer War (South Africa)
Dutch colony in South Africa (late 1600s)
British invasion (1795)
Boer Wars
Congo atrocities
King Leopold’s exploitation of Congo
Reactions
Connections to present
Africa’s resistance
Failed rebellions
Successful rebellion
6.2-6.3 Imperialism in India
Decline of Mughals
Early Mughals resisted British
Losing power (1700s)
British EIC’s control
British EIC policies
Lack of regard of culture
Doctrine of Lapse
Army policies
Indian/Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
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