is an American developmental psychologist and professor of cognition and education at the Harvard graduate school at Harvard University. He studied under Erik Ericson (Below) and Jerome Bruner (above).
He published “Frames of Mind” in 1983, in it, he laid out his theory of “multiple intelligences”.
Gardner perceived intelligence as the ability to solve problems or make products that are useful in one or more cultural settings.
He developed a list of criteria he would use to judge possible contenders for the title “intelligence”. Candidates had to satisfy a range of the conditions on his list and also be able to solve genuine problems of difficulties. Initially, Gardner named seven intelligences.
Gardner’s 7 Intelligences
Linguistic intelligence. The ability to learn and use language in written and spoken forms to express oneself.
Mathematical intelligence. The ability to solve problems logically, to solve mathematical problems and to perform scientific investigations.
Musical intelligence. Having skill in appreciation, composition and performance of musical patterns, including the ability to recognise tone, pitch and rhythm.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Using mental abilities to coordinate body movements to solve problems.
Spatial intelligence. Being able to recognise and use patterns in a wide or confined space.
Interpersonal intelligence. The capacity to understand the desires,
Intrapersonal intelligence. The capacity to understand your own fears, feelings and motivations.
The Importance of Multiple Intelligence in the Classroom
Gardner suggested that the intelligences rarely operate independently and compliment each other as students learn new skills and solve problems. He also commented that the intelligences are amoral, meaning they can be used for constructive or destructive purposes.
Whilst Gardner’s theory hasn’t been hugely accepted in the field of Psychology, it has had a
In the face of criticism that it is hard to teach things in the frame of a certain intelligence, Gardner replied by stating that the seven intelligences give 7 ways to teach a subject, allowing multiple strategies to be used, thus allowing all students to make progress.
Gardner believes that all seven intelligences are required to live life well and
should include all seven not just the more academic first two.
Naturalist Intelligence
Since its original publication, Gardner has since added an eighth intelligence; Naturalist intelligence. This deals with an individual’s ability to perceive, recognise and order features from the environment.