• The North’s industrialization happened in three phases: 1) Employers divided jobs into smaller steps, and each worker specialized in one step; 2) Factories were built to bring these workers together; 3) machines were used to complete tasks.

• The invention of the steamboat and clipper ship made transportation of goods and people faster. After the invention of the steam locomotive, thousands of miles of railroad tracks were laid. Railroads connected cities in the East and the Midwest and allowed the efficient transport of goods and people over great distances.

• In 1844 Samuel Morse demonstrated the ability of the telegraph to provide quick communications over great distances. Messages were sent in Morse code along telegraph wires.

• The invention of the steel-tipped plow, the mechanical reaper, and the thresher helped farmers overcome difficulties in farming the land in the Midwest. Raising wheat became a major economic activity in the region.

Section 2: People of the North

• The factory system changed the nature of work for many people. Factory workers had to work long hours in dangerous conditions. There were no laws to protect them. Skilled workers formed trade unions. Some skilled workers staged strikes to put pressure on employers to make conditions better.

• Even though slavery had largely disappeared from the North, African Americans still faced prejudice and discrimination there. Most free African Americans were poor. Women also faced discrimination in the workplace. Employers paid women less than male workers. Men kept women from joining unions.

• Cities grew rapidly at this time because industrialization drew people to the cities to work in the factories. Cities and towns along waterways became centers of trade. City populations also swelled due to immigration from Ireland and Germany.

Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom

• While industry was growing in the North, agriculture continued to form the base of the South’s economy. The Southern economy depended on slave labor. The sale of enslaved African Americans became a big business. The Upper South became a center for the sale of enslaved people.

• Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin in 1793 greatly increased the amount of cotton a worker could process each day. Growing cotton became more profitable, and cotton-producing territory expanded. This increased the demand for slave labor.

• Industry developed more slowly in the South than in the North. One reason was that farming cotton was very profitable. Much of the available capital was invested there. Building new industry would be costly and required the sale of enslaved people and land. Also, the market for manufactured goods in the South was small.

• People in the South relied on natural waterways to transport goods. They had fewer railroads than the North, so Southern cities did not grow as quickly as Northern cities.

Section 4: People of the South

• Most white Southerners fit into one of four categories: yeomen, tenant farmers, the rural poor, or plantation owners. Most white people were yeomen, farmers who had small farms that they farmed themselves or with a small number of enslaved workers.

• Large plantations required a great amount of labor. Enslaved African Americans did much of this work, and most worked as field hands. An overseer, or plantation manager, supervised them.

• Enslaved African Americans lived under harsh conditions, including the threat that an owner could sell them and split up their families without warning. African Americans created an extended family of relatives and friends to care for their children. Through music and dance, enslaved African Americans tried to preserve their own customs and traditions.

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