• The Industrial Revolution in the United States began in New England. New England had rivers and streams for waterpower, which could run machinery in new factories. New England also had ports, at which goods could be shipped and received.

• New machines made it easier to produce goods on a large scale. Interchangeable parts helped industry produce goods faster by allowing parts to be put together quickly to make a complete product.

• Capitalism is the economic system of the United States. Under this system, people put their capital, or money, into a business in the hope that it will make a profit. Free enterprise is another term used to describe the American economy.

• Many people went to work in factories in the 1800s, but agriculture was still the main economic activity. Cotton production grew in the South, increasing the demand for enslaved workers. The growth of factories and trade led to the growth of cities and towns. Disease and fire were dangers in cities; however, cities also offered opportunities for work and culture.

Section 2: Moving West

• Settlers and pioneers headed west over the Appalachian Mountains. Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads, to help settlers travel west. In 1803, Ohio asked the federal government to build a national road to connect it to the East.

• Steamboats made river transportation easier and more comfortable. Shipping goods by steamboat became cheaper and faster than shipping by land.

• Americans built canals for water transportation where there were not any rivers. The Erie Canal was built to connect New York City with the Great Lakes area, and its success led to more canals.

• As the population increased west of the Appalachian Mountains, new states were created. Pioneers moved to the West to find a better life.

Section 3: Unity & Sectionalism

• A feeling of national unity swept the United States after the War of 1812. A Boston newspaper called these years the Era of Good Feelings.

• Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed the American System to improve the economy and increase the power of the federal government. Supreme Court rulings also backed the power of the national government over the states in two important court cases.

• The question of statehood for Missouri threatened the balance between representatives of slave and free states in the U.S. Senate. After heated debate, Congress passed the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state.

• Spain and the United States disputed the border between the United States and Spanish-controlled Florida. The dispute was finally settled by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, in which Spain gave up Florida.

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