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Priyanka countries - Long

Table 1

Table 1

Attribute

Portugal

Moldova

Albania

Lithuania

Holy See (Vatican)

Gibraltar

Ambassador's Name to India and Responsibility

João Ribeiro de Almeida - The Ambassador of Portugal to India. He represents Portugal's interests in India, focusing on diplomatic relations, economic cooperation, and cultural exchange.

Ana Taban - The first resident ambassador of Moldova to India, responsible for establishing and enhancing diplomatic and economic ties between Moldova and India.

Dikshu Kukreja - Honorary Consul General of Albania to India. As an architect, he represents Albania's interests in India, promoting bilateral relations and cooperation.

Diana Mickevičienė - The Ambassador of Lithuania to India. She focuses on strengthening diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties between Lithuania and India.

Archbishop Leopoldo Girelli - Apostolic Nuncio to India, representing the Holy See. He manages the Vatican's diplomatic missions and promotes religious and cultural relationships.

Gibraltar does not have a dedicated ambassador to India. Diplomatic relations and consular services are managed through the British High Commission in India.

Country's History and Independence

Portugal became a kingdom in 1139 and declared independence from Spain in 1640. Its maritime history is notable for the Age of Discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries, when it established the first global empire. The Carnation Revolution in 1974 restored democracy after a prolonged period of dictatorship. Portugal's rich history includes significant cultural and exploratory contributions, influencing many parts of the world.

Moldova declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 27, 1991. Historically part of Romania, Moldova's territories have been contested over centuries. Post-independence, Moldova faced economic struggles and political instability, especially due to the breakaway region of Transnistria, which remains a frozen conflict. Moldova aims for European integration, focusing on democratic and economic reforms.

Albania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire on November 28, 1912. The 20th century saw significant turmoil, including occupation during the World Wars and a communist regime until 1991. Post-communism, Albania transitioned to democracy and faced challenges in building stable institutions and economic growth. The country has been working towards EU integration, focusing on reforms in governance, judiciary, and economic sectors.

Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union on March 11, 1990. It has a rich history, being part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the medieval period and later part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After periods of Russian and German occupation, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940. The re-establishment of independence in 1990 marked a significant turn from Soviet influence to European integration.

The Holy See (Vatican City) became an independent city-state within Rome, Italy, through the Lateran Treaty signed on February 11, 1929. It is the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church and the residence of the Pope. The Vatican has significant historical and religious influence, serving as the center for 1.2 billion Roman Catholics worldwide. It plays a unique role in global diplomacy and religious affairs.

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It was ceded to Britain in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht after the War of the Spanish Succession. Gibraltar's strategic location at the entrance to the Mediterranean has made it a significant military base over the centuries. The sovereignty of Gibraltar remains a contentious issue in Anglo-Spanish relations, with Spain asserting a claim to the territory. The residents of Gibraltar, however, have repeatedly expressed their desire to remain under British sovereignty, as evidenced by referenda in 1967 and 2002. Gibraltar enjoys a high degree of self-governance, with its government responsible for internal affairs, while the UK handles defense and foreign policy.

Country's Foreign Policy on War Between Ukraine and Russia

Portugal strongly supports Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The country has condemned Russia’s military aggression and aligns with the EU’s sanctions against Russia. Portugal has actively participated in EU and NATO discussions aimed at supporting Ukraine and imposing diplomatic pressure on Russia.

Moldova maintains a neutral stance but is highly concerned about the conflict’s impact, especially given its proximity to Ukraine and historical ties with both Russia and Western Europe. Moldova supports humanitarian aid and diplomatic resolutions while managing internal political pressures from pro-Russian and pro-European factions.

Albania supports Ukraine and has condemned Russia’s aggression, aligning its foreign policy with the EU and NATO. Albania participates in sanctions against Russia and advocates for Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Lithuania is one of the strongest supporters of Ukraine within the EU, condemning Russian aggression and advocating for robust sanctions. The country’s foreign policy emphasizes sovereignty, territorial integrity, and democratic values.

The Holy See advocates for peace and dialogue, urging an immediate end to conflict and promoting humanitarian support for those affected. It refrains from taking direct political sides, emphasizing the need for negotiations and human rights.

Gibraltar aligns with the UK’s foreign policy stance, condemning Russia's aggression in Ukraine and supporting sanctions imposed by the UK and the EU. It emphasizes the importance of international law and the sovereignty of nations.

Role in the European Union

Portugal is a committed EU member since 1986, contributing to policy-making in various sectors including climate change, digital transformation, and social policies. It benefits from EU funds aimed at economic development, infrastructure, and social programs. Portugal also plays a role in the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

Moldova is not an EU member but has an Association Agreement that aligns many of its regulations with EU standards. It seeks deeper integration with the EU, focusing on democratic reforms, rule of law, and economic development.

Albania is an EU candidate country, actively working towards fulfilling the accession criteria. The country focuses on implementing necessary reforms in governance, judiciary, and human rights to meet EU standards.

Lithuania is an active member of the EU, contributing to policies on security, economic growth, and digital transformation. It benefits from EU funds aimed at regional development and integration into the single market. Lithuania is also vocal in EU foreign policy, particularly on issues concerning Eastern Europe and Russia.

While not an EU member, the Holy See maintains diplomatic relations with the EU. It influences EU policies on moral, ethical, and humanitarian issues, leveraging its global religious authority.

Gibraltar was part of the EU through the UK's membership until Brexit. Post-Brexit, Gibraltar has had to navigate new relationships and agreements to maintain access to European markets. Special arrangements have been negotiated to allow for smooth trade and movement with neighboring Spain.

Involvement and Stance on NATO Strategies

As a NATO member, Portugal participates in collective defense initiatives and various NATO missions. Portugal adheres to NATO’s defensive stance and contributed to NATO’s reassurance measures in Eastern Europe. The country also engages in strategic maritime operations given its Atlantic coast.

Moldova is not a NATO member but cooperates through the Partnership for Peace program. It maintains a neutral military stance but benefits from NATO's support in defense reforms and capacity building.

As a NATO member since 2009, Albania is actively involved in NATO’s collective defense initiatives and missions. The country supports NATO strategies and contributes to regional stability in the Balkans.

Lithuania is a NATO member, advocating for enhanced defense measures in Eastern Europe to counter Russian threats. The country participates in NATO missions and exercises, emphasizing the importance of collective defense and regional security.

The Holy See is not a NATO member but consistently advocates for global peace, disarmament, and conflict resolution. It calls for diplomatic efforts over military interventions.

While Gibraltar itself is not a NATO member, it hosts significant British military facilities that are vital to NATO operations. Gibraltar's strategic location at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea makes it a crucial point for NATO’s maritime operations.

Current Economic Scenario

Portugal’s economy faces high public debt and unemployment, though tourism and services, particularly technology and hospitality, are strong sectors. The country is recovering from the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, leveraging EU recovery funds to support economic reforms and sustainability projects.

Moldova is one of Europe’s poorest countries, with its economy heavily reliant on agriculture, remittances from abroad, and external aid. Economic reforms are slow, and the country faces significant challenges in governance and economic stability.

Albania’s economy is developing, with significant growth driven by sectors such as energy, tourism, and agriculture. However, challenges remain, including high unemployment, corruption, and the need for further economic reforms to attract investment and ensure sustainable growth.

Lithuania’s economy is growing, driven by sectors such as technology, manufacturing, and services. The country faces challenges from regional security threats but benefits from EU integration, which supports economic stability and growth.

The Vatican's economy is unique, funded primarily by donations from Catholics worldwide, investments, and revenue from tourism. Financial transparency and management reforms are ongoing to address past scandals and improve governance.

Gibraltar has a robust economy based on financial services, online gaming, shipping, and tourism. Brexit posed challenges, particularly regarding market access and labor movement with Spain. However, Gibraltar has worked on agreements to mitigate these impacts. The economy is also adapting to global regulatory changes in financial services.

Political Climate

Portugal has a stable democratic system with regular elections and a multiparty framework. Current governmental priorities include social policies, economic reforms, and climate action. Key political parties include the Socialist Party (PS) and the Social Democratic Party (PSD).

Moldova’s political climate is volatile, characterized by frequent changes in government and political instability. Issues like corruption and the Transnistrian conflict are significant challenges. The political landscape is divided between pro-European and pro-Russian factions.

Albania has a multiparty democratic system but faces challenges such as political polarization, corruption, and a need for judicial reform. Recent governments have focused on meeting EU accession requirements and improving governance practices.

Lithuania has a stable political climate with a focus on security, economic growth, and democratic governance. The government prioritizes policies that bolster national defense, economic reforms, and social welfare.

The Vatican operates as an absolute elective monarchy with the Pope as the sovereign. Recent issues include church reforms, governance transparency, and the Catholic Church's global influence.

Gibraltar’s political climate is stable, with a strong sense of identity and preference for remaining under British sovereignty. The Chief Minister is the head of government, managing internal affairs, while the UK handles defense and foreign policy. Issues of sovereignty and economic impacts of Brexit are prominent.

Key Security Issues

Portugal’s security concerns include cybersecurity threats, terrorism risks, and maintaining regional stability. The country also prioritizes maritime security due to its extensive Atlantic coast.

Moldova’s key security issue is the separatist region of Transnistria, which poses a constant threat to stability. Additionally, regional instability due to the Ukraine conflict adds to security concerns.

Key security issues in Albania include organized crime, corruption, and regional stability. The government works with international partners, including NATO and the EU, to address these challenges.

Key security issues for Lithuania include threats from Russian aggression, cybersecurity, and energy security. The country seeks to reduce dependence on Russian energy supplies and strengthen its defense capabilities through NATO cooperation.

The Vatican's key security issues include terrorism, cybersecurity, and protecting religious sites. The Holy See also focuses on humanitarian crises and conflict resolution.

Key security issues for Gibraltar include territorial sovereignty disputes with Spain and ensuring maritime security. The territory also focuses on cybersecurity and the protection of its financial services sector.

Economic Interdependence Effects

Portugal's economy is interlinked with the EU, relying significantly on trade, tourism, and EU funds for development projects. The global interdependence and EU’s economic policies heavily influence Portugal’s economic stability and growth.

Moldova's economy is heavily dependent on remittances and foreign aid, particularly from the EU and Russia. The global interdependencies and economic sanctions impact Moldova’s economic stability.

Albania benefits from foreign investments, remittances, and trade with EU countries. The global economic interdependence influences Albania’s economic policies and development strategies, particularly its integration into European markets.

Lithuania’s economy is deeply integrated with the EU, benefiting from trade, investments, and structural funds. The global economic interdependence influences Lithuania’s policies on trade, energy, and digital transformation.

The Vatican's economy is influenced by global donations, investments, and tourism flows. Financial management reforms aim to enhance transparency and efficiency.

Gibraltar's economy is intertwined with that of the UK and the EU, especially Spain. Economic interdependence is evident in trade, finance, and labor markets. Post-Brexit arrangements have been crucial in maintaining economic stability.

Diplomatic Relations with Russia and EU

Portugal maintains strong diplomatic relations with EU member states, participating actively in EU policy and decision-making processes. Relations with Russia are strained due to the Ukraine conflict, with Portugal supporting EU sanctions and diplomatic efforts to pressure Russia.

Moldova seeks closer ties with the EU through its Association Agreement, working on aligning more with EU standards. Relations with Russia are complex due to historical ties, energy dependencies, and the Transnistrian issue.

Albania has strong diplomatic relations with the EU, focusing on its EU accession process. Relations with Russia are strained due to Albania's alignment with NATO and EU policies, especially regarding the Ukraine conflict.

Lithuania has strong ties with the EU, actively participating in policy-making and advocating for robust measures against Russian aggression. Relations with Russia are strained due to historical conflicts and the current geopolitical tensions.

The Holy See has neutral diplomatic relations with both the EU and Russia, often mediating for peace. It advocates for humanitarian aid and conflict resolution.

Gibraltar follows the UK’s diplomatic stance, supporting EU sanctions against Russia and participating in international diplomatic efforts. Its relationship with the EU has been redefined post-Brexit through negotiation of special arrangements.

Stand on the Ukraine - Russia War

Portugal stands firmly with Ukraine, condemning Russia’s invasion and supporting sanctions.

Moldova maintains a neutral stance on the Ukraine-Russia conflict, advocating for diplomatic resolutions and managing its internal political divisions. It is wary of the conflict’s spillover effects.

Albania condemns Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and supports Ukraine’s sovereignty. It aligns with NATO and EU measures, including sanctions against Russia and support for Ukraine.

Lithuania is a staunch supporter of Ukraine, condemning Russia’s invasion and advocating for strong sanctions and international support for Ukraine. The country emphasizes the importance of upholding international law and sovereignty.

The Holy See calls for peace and humanitarian assistance, avoiding direct political alignment. It urges negotiations and respect for human rights.

Gibraltar aligns with the UK in condemning Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. It supports the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and backs the sanctions imposed on Russia by the UK and the EU.

Current Relationship with India

Portugal has robust cultural and economic ties with India, characterized by trade, educational exchanges, and technological cooperation. The relationship is strengthened by shared historical ties and active diplomatic engagements.

Moldova has limited direct relations with India, primarily engaging through broader multilateral frameworks. Diplomatic and economic engagements are minimal but present potential for growth.

Albania’s relationship with India is developing, with a focus on enhancing economic cooperation and trade. Diplomatic engagements are growing as both countries explore mutual interests.

Lithuania and India share a growing relationship, focusing on economic and educational cooperation. Both countries explore mutual interests in technology, trade, and cultural exchanges.

The Vatican and India have a unique relationship, primarily through religious and cultural dialogues. High-level visits and interfaith initiatives further strengthen their bond.

Gibraltar’s relationship with India is primarily managed through the UK's diplomatic channels. Economic interactions are limited but have potential for growth in sectors such as financial services and tourism.

Geographical Location and Neighbors

Portugal is located in Southwestern Europe, bordered by Spain to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. This strategic location has historically made it a crucial maritime nation.

Moldova is located in Eastern Europe, bordered by Ukraine to the east and north and Romania to the west. Its geographic position places it at a crossroads between Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

Albania is located in Southeastern Europe, bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, Greece to the south, and the Adriatic and Ionian Seas to the west.

Lithuania is located in the Baltic region of Europe, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Baltic Sea to the west.

The Holy See is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy.

Gibraltar is located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, bordered by Spain to the north and overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar, which connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. This strategic location has historically made it a critical maritime and military base.

Strategic Advantages in International Politics

Portugal’s Atlantic coastal location offers significant maritime advantages and strong ties with former colonies, leading to influential positions in international organizations, including the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).

Moldova’s position between the EU and Eastern Europe gives it strategic importance in regional stability and as a potential bridge for economic and political cooperation between the West and the East.

Albania’s strategic location in the Balkans makes it a crucial player in regional security and stability. Its NATO membership and EU candidate status enhance its influence in international politics.

Lithuania’s strategic location in the Baltic region is crucial for NATO’s defense strategies in Eastern Europe. Its proactive stance in EU and NATO enhances its influence in regional and international politics.

The Holy See's moral and religious influence is significant in international diplomacy and peacekeeping. Its unique status allows it to mediate in global conflicts and promote humanitarian initiatives.

Gibraltar’s strategic location at the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea offers significant advantages, particularly for maritime operations. It serves as a vital point for military and shipping routes, enhancing its importance in international politics and defense strategies.

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