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05. Water

Key Terms

Prepared by: learnloophq@gmail.com

Last edited 25 days ago by Learn LoopHQ.

Chapter: 05. Water

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Saline water: About 97% of the total water present on Earth, found in seas and oceans.

Glaciers and polar ice-caps: Frozen forms of water present on Earth, accounting for 2% of the total water.

Freshwater: Water available in rivers, ponds, lakes, and in the form of underground water, accounting for 1% of the total water.

Compound: A substance made up of two elements, such as water, which is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.

Chemical formula of water: H₂O, indicating one molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

Boiling point: The temperature at which pure water changes into the gaseous state (100°C).

Freezing point: The temperature at which pure water changes into the solid state (0°C).

Universal solvent: Water’s property of dissolving a large number of substances.

Surface water: Water present on the surface of the earth, such as in rivers and lakes.

Desalination: The process of removal of dissolved salts from sea/ocean water.

Underground water: The reservoir of water collected over non-porous rocks below the surface of the earth, formed from rainwater seeping through the soil.

Water table: The level of groundwater.

Spring water: Underground water that comes out from the ground in the form of springs.

Solid state: The state of water as ice.

Liquid state: The state of water as flowing water.

Gaseous state: The state of water as water vapour or steam.

Dew: Tiny droplets of water formed after the condensation of water vapour in air on cold objects.

Frost: Formed by the freezing of dew.

Fog: Tiny droplets of water formed by water vapour near the ground.

Mist: Suspended tiny droplets of water in air.

Water cycle: The continuous movement of water from the earth’s surface as water vapour to the atmosphere and from the atmosphere back to the earth’s surface as rain, hail, or snow.

Anomalous expansion of water: The unusual behaviour of water where it expands when cooled below 4°C, causing its volume to increase and density to decrease until 0°C.

Potable water: Water fit and safe for drinking purpose.

Water-borne diseases: Diseases caused by germs (disease-causing microorganisms like bacteria and viruses) present in contaminated water.

Dehydration: Excessive loss of water from the body, often caused by water-borne diseases like cholera or diarrhoea.

Sterilisation: The process of the removal of germs from water.

Chlorination: The process of killing germs in water by adding bleaching powder, which is rich in chlorine.

Distilled water: The purest form of water, obtained by the process of distillation, which does not contain any salt or mineral.

Distillation: A process of purifying water by heating it to form water vapour, then cooling the vapour to condense it back into pure liquid water.

Solute: A substance that dissolves in another substance to form a solution.

Solvent: A substance in which the solute is dissolved to form a solution.

Solution: A homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent.

Water-soluble substances: Substances that dissolve in water, such as salt and sugar.

Water-insoluble substances: Substances that do not dissolve in water, such as oil and sand.

Saturated solution: A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.

Unsaturated solution: A solution in which more solute can be dissolved in a solvent at a particular temperature.

Aqueous solution: A solution in which a solute is dissolved in water.

Solubility: The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in 100 grams of a solvent to form the saturated solution at a given temperature.

Water pollution: The contamination of water with unwanted substances that makes it unfit for drinking.

Water pollutants: Harmful substances that cause water pollution.

Domestic sewage: Water discharged from homes containing waste from toilets, washing of clothes and utensils, and food waste.

Organic farming: Farming with no or minimum use of chemicals, encouraged to prevent water pollution.

Water conservation: The practice of protecting and managing water resources to ensure long-term availability.

Rooftop rainwater harvesting: A method where rainwater is collected on the roof and stored in underground tanks, then allowed to seep into the earth to help maintain the water table.

Drip irrigation: An efficient method of irrigation that prevents wastage of water by delivering it slowly to the plant roots.

Sprinkle irrigation: An efficient method of irrigation that prevents wastage of water by spraying it over crops.

Flood: The collection of huge amounts of water due to heavy rain and overflowing of rivers.

Drought: The condition of dry weather in an area with no or very little rain for a long duration of time.

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