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Chapter: 05. Types Of Agriculture

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In subsistence farming, farmers grow just enough crops to meet the needs of their own families, with very little or no surplus left for sale or trade.

Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals is ‘Zero Hunger’, highlighting agriculture’s role in reducing poverty and feeding the global population.

Two specific crops commonly grown using extensive farming practices are wheat and maize.

The heavy use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in intensive farming leads to the death of useful insects and worms that help enrich the soil with nutrients.

In the 1960s, India was facing a severe shortage of milk and dairy products and could not meet the rising demands of its population, which led to ‘Operation Flood’.

In shifting cultivation, the ashes of the burnt plants make the soil very fertile, providing nutrients for crops.

Government initiatives have been crucial for strengthening India’s agricultural sector, ensuring sustained growth and prosperity.

Quality control is important in plantation farming because the products have to cater to not only national buyers but also international buyers.

In plantation farming, work is highly organized: crops are first prepared in nurseries, then seedlings are transferred and planted in bigger areas, and after growth, they are harvested, processed in factories, and packed for shipment.

According to the chapter, 6 out of 10 Indian children under the age of five suffer from anaemia.

According to the SDGs section, modern farming raises greenhouse gas emissions, which have caused immense environmental problems in recent years.

Agriculture includes growing different types of crops, rearing animals for dairy and meat, poultry farming, and even rearing fish in ponds.

Plantations are typically well connected by road and rail, which offers the benefit of efficiently shipping processed products to various places within the country and overseas.

In intensive farming, hybrid or mixed breed seeds are primarily used; they are expensive but are high yielding, meaning they produce a large quantity of crops.

India excels as the largest producer of both cotton and jute in the world.

The ‘Recall’ section implicitly suggests crops suitable for terrace farming, which typically include rice and various vegetables, especially in hilly regions.

Double cropping is the practice of growing two crops one after another on the same piece of land within a single year.

An advantage of mixed farming is that if one source of income fails (e.g., crops), the farmer could still depend on the other source (e.g., animal rearing) for income.

The average required size of the farm for extensive farming to be profitable is around 1000-2000 acres.

Intensive farming in India is commonly practiced in coastal areas, the Ganga Plain, the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam, and the mountainous regions of the Himalayas.

The primary purpose of commercial farming is to grow crops on a large scale mainly for the purpose of selling the produce at home and abroad, with the main aim being to earn profit.

Maharashtra is known for oranges and grapes, and Himachal Pradesh is known for apples, all produced through commercial farming.

In the Himalayan mountains in India, mixed farming includes practices such as beekeeping, cattle and sheep rearing, and mushroom farming.

Agriculture contributes only about one fifth (18 per cent) of India’s total income.

Shifting cultivation is known as ‘Roca’ in the Amazon Basin.

Farmers typically use a patch of land for only a few years in shifting cultivation before moving on when they realize the fertility of the land has reduced.

Intensive farming involves the use of skilled labor, and employing such labor adds to the overall cost of production.

Mixed farming also includes the use of modern tools, electricity, and high-quality seeds.

A ‘cash crop’ in plantation farming is a single crop cultivated over a large area that is grown specifically to be sold for money.

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