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Chapter: 08. Adaptation

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Air-filled spaces between their cells provide buoyancy, helping floating aquatic plants remain afloat on the water surface.

Adaptation is the process through which an organism changes or adjusts its features to become better suited for survival and reproduction in its specific environment.

The Kikar tree has reddish-brown or blackish rough bark to prevent water evaporation and bears long, strong thorns on its branches.

For submerged aquatic plants, gas exchange for breathing and photosynthesis occurs directly through the surface of their plant body, as they lack stomata.

Pectoral fins in fish act as balancers, helping the fish maintain stability and balance in the water.

Seeds of Maple and Drumstick have wings that act like parachutes, allowing them to float in the air for long distances and be carried away by wind for dispersal.

The nostrils of a camel have flaps that can close, protecting them from dust and sand during a duststorm.

According to Darwin, the two concepts explaining survival in nature are “Struggle for existence” and “Survival of the fittest.”

The feet of a mountain goat have cloven or cleft hoofs divided into two toes, along with small pad-like structures on their tips, which provide grip and prevent slipping on steep, rocky slopes.

A habitat is the specific place where an organism, whether a plant or an animal, naturally lives and thrives.

Vallisneria leaves are long and ribbon-like, allowing them to offer the least resistance to flowing water and sway with the current while completely submerged.

Mountain animals protect themselves from extreme cold by having thick and fluffy fur covering their entire body, including their feet and toes, providing insulation.

In fixed aquatic plants, stomata are present only on the upper surface of their leaves, unlike land plants which typically have stomata on both surfaces or predominantly on the lower surface.

Pneumatic bones in birds are hollow and filled with air cavities, which significantly reduce the bird’s body weight, making flight easier and more energy-efficient.

Organisms need a habitat because it provides essential resources like food, air, water, and shelter, and a safe place to protect their eggs and young ones.

An example of a terrestrial habitat based on topography is a desert habitat, characterized by its dry and hot conditions.

Instead of flowers, mountain plants typically bear cones.

Water hyacinth has a bulbous petiole and thick, spongy leaf-blade, along with poorly developed, free-floating roots, which all contribute to its buoyancy and ability to float.

Hydrophytes are plants that are specifically adapted to live in water or aquatic environments.

The leaves of desert plants are often reduced to spines to prevent excessive water loss through evaporation and to protect the plant from herbivores.

The lateral-line system in fish contains sense organs that detect changes in water currents and pressure, aiding them in navigation and locating prey or predators.

A bird’s beak is a toothless, horny modification of its jaws, which reduces overall body weight crucial for flight and also serves as a substitute for hands for picking up things.

A fish has a streamlined body shape, which is spindle-shaped or boat-shaped and tapers at both ends, to minimize resistance while moving through water.

The two main components of a habitat are abiotic (physical features like air, water, and soil) and biotic (living organisms like plants, animals, and microbes).

A camel is called the “ship of the desert” due to its exceptional adaptations, such as padded feet, a hump for fat storage, and water storage capabilities, enabling it to survive comfortably in arid desert conditions.

Most mountain plants are evergreen to maximize photosynthesis whenever there is sufficient light, even during cold periods, which is crucial for survival in harsh mountain climates.

Desert plants obtain water from deeper soil layers by having long root systems that extend far down into the ground.

The three broad types of habitats are aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial.

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