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Chapter: 06. Major Crops

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Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid that can be obtained from sugar cane and is used for fuel and industrial alcohol.

Black soil is ideal for growing cotton due to its high clay content and good capacity to retain water.

Two government initiatives are the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, which strive to provide housing and sanitation facilities for all citizens, including tea plantation workers.

Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana together produce about 60 percent of India’s total wheat.

Fodder crops are mainly grown for the purpose of feeding and fattening livestock.

Jute is also known as the ‘golden fibre’ because of its shiny, golden-brown colour and natural lustre.

Vulcanization is a process that improves the properties of rubber, and it was invented by Charles Goodyear.

Coffee is generally grown under large shady trees because it is sensitive to strong, direct sun and thrives better in shade.

Major rice cultivation areas in India include the Gangetic Plains, the Brahmaputra Plains, and the eastern and western coastal regions.

Two cereal crops are rice and wheat.

Latex is the sap of the rubber tree, which is collected in small cups attached to the tree with the help of wires through a process called tapping.

The Green Revolution led to large-scale farm mechanization, which significantly increased the demand for agricultural machines like tractors, threshers, combine harvesters, diesel engines, pumping sets, and electric motors.

Tea is the most common beverage globally, after water.

Cash crops are primarily grown for sale in the market to earn profits, while food crops are grown mainly to provide food for people and for the farmer’s own consumption.

The four types of coffee are Arabica, Robusta, Excelsa, and Liberica; India produces Arabica and Robusta.

Cotton cultivation in India began around 3000 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization, leading India to often be referred to as the ‘birthplace of cotton’.

The success of the sugar industry in India is attributed to the combined efforts of the Central and State Governments, farmers, sugar mills, ethanol distilleries, and other industries in the country.

Plantation crops are cash crops grown on a very large scale across extensive agricultural land areas.

Before the Green Revolution, India faced acute food shortages and was importing huge quantities of grain, especially wheat, mainly from the USA.

The rabi crop is harvested around February and March.

Fertile and clayey soil that holds water, such as deep fertile clayey and loamy soil, is ideal for rice cultivation.

Two pulses grown in India are gram and tur.

The two types of crops studied in this chapter are food crops and cash crops.

West Bengal is the largest jute-producing state in India, both in area and production.

Wheat is vulnerable to climate change because lower levels of moisture at planting time or high temperatures during ripening can seriously threaten the crop.

In 2022, India exported jute products valued at more than ₹37,000 million to other countries.

Tea cultivation is labour intensive because the beverage is prepared from tea leaves that must be plucked with care from tea bushes, often by hand.

A major economic benefit was that India became self-sufficient in food grains, drastically reducing imports and creating surplus stock for export.

The Green Revolution primarily originated in Mexico and the Philippines, where new varieties of wheat, maize, and rice were developed.

The Green Revolution changed the basic attitude of Indian farmers, who had traditionally used conventional methods, by encouraging them to adopt new methods and techniques of farming.

Two environmental drawbacks include the depletion of the natural rejuvenating capacity of the soil due to extreme dependence on artificial fertilizers and pesticides, and water pollution caused by these chemicals harming biodiversity.

The two distinct belts producing sugar cane in India are the northern belt (Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) and the southern belt (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh).

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