the issuer is promising to pay exactly the return on an index (minus its own expenses, of course), there's little risk of tracking error
some ETNs promise to deliver the returns of a particular index that isn't available in an ETF framework
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Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk: The trading activity of ETNs varies widely. For ETNs with very low trading activity, bid-ask spreads can be exceptionally wide. For example, in March 2021 one ETN had an average spread of 11.8%
Issuer’s credit risk
The ETN's ability to pay back the principal—plus gains from the index it tracks—depends on the financial viability of the issuer. As a result, an ETN's value is impacted by the