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(Not all are 100% Accurate) Pastoral nomads (shepherds) who spoke the ancient Hebrew language Occupied the lands between Egypt and Mesopotamia during the 2000’s BCE Had values, customs, and deities similar to that of Mesopotamian peoples Some Hebrews settled in Mesopotamian cities (this includes the family of Abraham, which means patriarch or father Abraham came from the city of Ur, but migrated north to Haran sometime around 2000 BCE. According to scriptures, god made a covenant or sacred agreement with Abraham Most honored positions were Society similar to feudalism. Upper classes (aristocrats and ruling family) give land to peasants for them to farm and give food back in return. Family at the center, most important Believed that the dead can intervene on human affairs Eventually incorperated into Confucianism Family that obtains the Mandate becomes the ruling family (dynasty
If the ruling dynasty becomes corrupt, Mandate sends warnings Mandate passes to new family once the previous one becomes corrupt Developed in isolation along the Yellow River (not confirmed) Xia dynasty came first Shang Dynasty (c. 1500BCE -1027BCE) 1st official dynasty of China Warlike kings and wealthy aristocrats ruled Cities surrounded by big earthen walls Zhou Dynasty (1027BCE-221BCE) Chinese Historian Sima Qian Claims that the Zhou King obtained the Mandate of Heaven Family that obtains the Mandate becomes the ruling family (dynasty If the ruling dynasty becomes corrupt, Mandate sends warnings Mandate passes to new family once the previous one becomes corrupt Warring States Period (403BCE-221BCE) 2 centuries of political confusion and violence fought for rule of China Ignored Central Government Strengthened their own states Fought with one another for control 3 new schools of thought came out of this Emphasis on the development of the state Principle of collective responsibility Ended the Warring States Period Based on the teachings of Confucius Followers of Confucius made the analects Focus on life not afterlife Ordering of human relations Stresses the importance of family Behaving in the proper way Junzi- People that have Ren, Li, and Xiao Meant to restore balance in a sense living according to the natural laws of the universe Attempts to control the universe leads to chaos Acts selflessly in harmony with nature Influenced art (landscape paintings) and literature (poetry) Balance and harmony (Yin and Yang) dark and light, water and fire, etc. Qin Dynasty (221BCE-206BCE) Emphasis on the development of the state Principle of collective responsibility Ended the Warring States Period Began the construction of the “Great Wall” to keep out northern invaders Created uniform system of Standardized written Chinese Persecuted Confucianists and tried to rid of Confucian ideology Brutal legalist policies and Shi Huangdi’s death caused the Qin dynasty to collapse Han Dynasty (206BCE- 220CE) Retained the centralized features of the Qin Confucianist (less brutal than legalism) Based on the teachings of Confucius Followers of Confucius made the analects Focus on life not afterlife Ordering of human relations Stresses the importance of family Behaving in the proper way Junzi- People that have Ren, Li, and Xiao Meant to restore balance in a sense Han Emperor Wudi (141BCE-87BCE) Established an imperial academy trains government officials based on Confucian philosophy Civil service exam ensures that officials were qualified Peasants that pass lower level ones become part of a new class, the merit-based scholar class lasted until the early 1900’s lasted until the early 1900’s Increased taxes to fund public works Technological developments Increased food production Basically established the silk roads More usage of paper instead of bamboo and fabric Expanded long-distance trade (silk roads) traded with Europe (Roman Empire) Protected travelers along the routes Expanded the reach of the Chinese Empire Xiongnu (nomads that would attack China) Assimilated people from other regions into Chinese culture and society Expensive military expeditions gap between rich and poor 2nd Warring States Period (aka 6 Dynasties period) (220CE-581CE) (Merit-based Civil Service Exam stays) Buddhism arrives from India and gains prominence Sui Dynasty (589CE-618CE) 589CE, Sui rulers from the north unite China under centralized rule Short-lived (lasts 29 years) Ordered massive building projects Greatest achievement: The Grand Canal intended to promote trade between North and South China Linked network of earlier canals Established economic foundation of political and cultural unity Tang Dynasty (618CE-906CE) Began with the assassination of the Sui emperor Continued and expanded Sui building projects as land policy Maintained the Grand Canal and extensive road system Retained Equal fields system and expanded it Distributed land to families based on the size of their families (farmland) Land goes to the head of the household Retained the Civil Service system Gave land to them for monestaries They were basically freeloaders They didn’t care enough for politics Didn’t take interest in filial values enough Tang started taking land back Started persecuting Buddhists Military expansion and relations One of the largest territorial expansions in Chinese history Extended control over Manchuria, Korea, parts of Asia, and Tibet Established tributary relations Tang Emperor as “overlord” Bow done in front of the emperor where the head of the person touches the floor. Casual and careless leadership Rebellion under Lushan, former military commander in 755CE Changa’an (capital) got captured Tang commanders ask Turkish nomads, Uighurs for help Shows that the Tang are weak and powerless Rebellion got crushed by 763, but the Uighurs sack Chang’an and Laoyang Declined through the 800’s Equal fields system deteriorates Corrupt bureaucrats ask people for favors, and give them extra land in turn 3rd Warring States Period (aka 5 Dynasties period) (906CE-960CE) Song Taizu, 1st Emperor of the Song Dynasty Emphasis on administration, industry, education, and the arts Not as much emphasis on military (Scholar-bureaucrats in charge) Surprising since the emperor was in the military and is allowing people with no military experience to take charge Six ministries under the Censorate that oversees everything To become part of the Bureaucracy, one must pass the Civil Service Exam Chinese Economic Revolution Strain of rice from Vietnam Fast-ripening and drought resistant Cause for Chinese population to explode from 60 mil to 100 mil in 400 years Allowed for metallurgy advancements Used for heating homes and cooking 32k suits of armor and 16m iron arrowheads produced every year Developed better navigation and shipbuilding Men wanted to be able to view them as frail, weak, and delicate Supposed to follow the lead of men produced a majority of the silk in China Seen as beautiful, dainty, frail Makes foot smaller by crushing the foot bones and binds it into a small shape Was practiced for a very long time henceforth popular with upper classes Marco Polo visits in 1200 Influenced surrounding nations of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan Did not persecute Buddhists Neo-Confucianism develops Combines Confucianism and Buddhism Buddhist themes and reasoning Confucian interests and values Shaped East Asia for more than 500 years Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) Mongol Rule China is conquered by Mongols 1271: Captures Song capital at Hangzhou (southern China) Stays the capital until the Yuan’s collapse in 1368 Marco Polo spends 17 years in the court of Kublai Khan looked down on Chinese people and culture Strove to maintain separation between themselves and the Chinese Chinese are forbidden to study Mongol language probably helped in the assimilation of the Mongols since the Chinese didn’t become more Mongol, the Mongols became more Chinese. ykwim Brought in people from other areas This is because the Mongols brought in people that they thought were good at stuff They brought in people to administrate and blah blah blah public lost confidence in paper money Sharp rise in prices (inflation) Internal power struggles beginning in the 1320’s Spread of the Bubonic Plague 1330-1340’s Chinese resent Mongol rule 1368-Mongols flee from a peasant revolt Ming Dynasty is Established (China is “Chinese” again) Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Chinese Rule Hongwu/Emperor Taizu installs himself as the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty and burns down all Yuan palaces Hongwu wanted to reform China and rid it of its Mongol ways use of gunpowder helps empire grow Developments made during the Ming Dynasty: Civil service system is perfected and stratified almost all the top Ming officials entered the bureaucracy by passing a government examination An office designed to to investigate official misconduct and corruption is made a seperate organ of the government Affairs in each province were handled by three agencies, each reporting to different bureaus in the central government position of prime minister is abolished emperor takes full control over government (autocratic) rules with the assistance of the Grand Secretariat (Neige) who is appointed by the emperor Ming incorperate Song Dynasty’s policy of relying on literi First Emperor, Emperor Taizu or Zhu Yuanzhang or Hongwu (1328-1398) rule (1368-1398) becomes a monk at a monastery many people starved at this time, due to starvation, there were rebellions against the Yuan and rich are attacked, wealth was distributed amongst the people. Joins rebel forces, changes his name to Zhu Yuanzhang Rises through ranks and becomes second-in-command When leader dies, he is in charge 1368, troops infiltrate Yuan capital and bring the Yuan to an end Installs himself as the first emperor of the Ming Paranoid about rebellion and betrayal, so he created a secret police that ended up executing about 100,000 people Burns down all Yuan palaces wants to reform China and rid it of its Mongol ways makes and develops many schools for training scholars for bureaucracy between the second ruler, Jianwen and Zhu Di 1402: after realizing his defeat, Jianwen sets fire to his palace with himself inside, killing himself Zhu Di assumes position of Emperor Zhu Di/Yongle (1360-1424) rule (1402-1424) comes to power after Jianwen kills himself Becomes the third emperor of the Song kills the rest of Jianwen’s family and advisors gets rid of Jianwen’s policies and practices lot of influence in Yongle’s court selected by Yongle to be the commander-in-chief of a series of maritime expeditions westward Commanded 62 ships, 27,800 men The fleet visited Champa (South Vietnam) Stopped at the important ports of Asia Encountered treachery from King Alagonakkara of Ceylon, Defeats Alagonakkara’s forces and took the King back to China as a captive Goes past India and sails to Hormuz on the Persian Gulf Like China, was ruled by several dynasties How China influences Korea Korea had to give tribute to China in order to maintain peaceful relations Koreans went to Chinese Courts to give tribute, in doing so they also viewed how China was like and stuff Tried to copy Chinese government Adopted Chinese thoughts and Customs Influenced the rights of Women in Korea Couldn’t sing and dance together at night anymore Can’t choose who to marry anymore Couldn’t raise children in their family homes anymore Widowed women’s husbands can’t be buried in the women’s family’s plot of land anymore Influenced inheritance rights Didn’t influence lower classes as much as upper classes Has its own writing system (Hangul) different from China’s Maintained bureaucracy better than China did How China influenced Vietnam Adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism Adopted art and literature style administration was like the one that China uses’ Vietnamese rulers, Emperors had to receive the Mandate of Heaven to rule Adopted Chinese examination system which slightly increased social mobility and made the merit-based scholar class Rooted in Chinese Culture they thought they were an extension of China rather than a separate state Unlike Korea, Vietnam wasn’t always separate from China. Vietnam left China in 939 C.E. It was first a vassal state that had to give tribute to China, even after the split it still had to give tribute. The influences that China had on Vietnam mostly affected the upper class citizens Vietnamese culture that was kept despite China taking over Vietnam retained its language the chewing of betel nuts they still had major roles They worshiped female deities and a “female Buddha” despite Confucianism taking hold of the upper classes. The birth of a girl was preferred to that of a boy. Vietnam developed their writing system, chu nom. Japanese islands were separated from China by ocean, meaning that the Chinese couldn’t really influence them as much as they did with Korea and Vietnam. The Chinese culture that Japan adopted was all voluntary. The Japanese were able to choose what parts of Chinese society they wanted to adopt and what parts they didn’t Chinese Buddhism first took ahold of upper classes and eventually trickled its way down the hierarchy influenced art, architecture, education, medicine, philosophical values, and more became known as Zen in Japan Upper class Japanese especially were interested in literature and Chinese writing In the 900’s, the Japanese basically cut off ties with China (stopped giving tribute and didn’t adopt more of Chinese culture). localized militaries composed of samurai warriors who carried swords samurai abided by the way of the warrior, bushido values of bravery, loyalty, endurance, honor, martial arts, and the preference of death over surrender The Chinese on the other hand did not like carrying weapons and claimed that it was not for the educated contrasted Chinese beliefs that warriors were below government officials Traditional beliefs along with their Kami combined with Buddhism The imperial family of Japan are said to be the descendants of the Sun Goddess, allowing them to remain in power. created their own writing system that combined Chinese characters with symbols that correlate to sound produced when talking Upper class Japanese citizens liked literature and used it to make poems to be used romantically. live with or apart from the wife’s family in the 1100’s, women eventually lost some of their rights due to the rise of a warrior culture Central Asia + Nomads + Mongols Facilitated trade and communication People were drawn to the Mongols due to this and their economy and trade networks Technological and culture transfer Diffusion into cultures of other regions Economy based on overland trade Valued honesty and generosity Polytheistic, but worshipped a supreme deity known as “Allah” Bedouin culture is the foundation of Islamic society and culture Ex. Merchants are highly respected amongst Bedouin and Muslims Born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia c. 570 Orphan raised by his grandfather and uncle Commonly went to a secluded mountain for prayer At around the age 40, met the angel Gabriel in the cave and received his first revelation from God in 613 Preached that god is one (monotheistic) and that he was the prophet or messenger of god Meccan polytheists didn’t like him because he taught monotheism He and his followers expelled from Mecca to Yathrib Marks the year 0 on the Islamic calendar Muhammad at Yathrib (Medina) (622-629) Severs Islam’s connection to Jerusalem Has his followers pray to Mecca instead of towards Jerusalem Gained even more followers Islam starts looking like a small empire Muhammad leads his people back to Mecca to reclaim it They destroy all of the idols in the Kaaba since they believe in only ONE true god Shows their rise to power and the beginning of their rise to power as a formidable empire and one of the world’s largest religions Fight over who should be the next leader over the Empire and the Religion. Expansion of Islam under Muhammad 631: Expands to Mecca and other parts of Arabia Huge divide over who should be the next leader of the empire and religion. Believe that Islamic leaders should be religious figures and people that were close to Muhammad or descendants of those people Thought that Muhammad’s successor should be Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law Believe that Islamic leaders should be related to Muhammad by blood Thought that Muhammad’s successor should be his son-in-law since he would pass leadership on to Muhammad’s grandson, Hussain Sunnis won and Abu Bake became the first Caliph of the Islamic Caliphate First Caliphs of Dar Al-Islam (632-661) Spread Islamic territory through North Africa and the Middle East After Abu Bakr in 634: Arabia After Umar in 644: Expansion into North Africa and more of the Middle East Spread of Dar Al-Islam under the Umayyads: Put an end to infanticide, or the killing of baby girls Allowed for men to have up to 4 wives Liked for women to be veiled Allowed Christians to visit their holy sites Decline under the Abbasids: Decline of the Islamic Empire Fought with Central Asians and Europeans Conquered some of the Middle Easy and Spread Westward to China Seljuk Leader was named “sultan” Restricted Christians from reaching their holy sites Usually Central Asian Turks Commonly became fighters/soldiers Could become government officials due to social mobility has better options of increasing social status than other slaves Gained authority over Egyptian government in 1250 Developed trade of sugar and cotton between Islamic cultures and Europe Power weakened after the Portuguese and other Europeans started using new trade routes through the sea. Stopped Mongols from invading Egypt Wanted access to their holy sites because the Seljuks blocked access to them Formed groups of crusaders to regain access to their holy sites 1258: Capture the final parts of the Abbasid Empire Expansion west ceased after Mamluks stopped them in Egypt Empire ended after Mongols captured the last of the Islamic Empire’s land MONGOL TAKEOVER STARTING IN 1222 Ends Dar Al-Islam in 1258 Further expansion west is stopped by the Egyptian Mamluks Ilkhanate of Peria (c. 1260-1335) In India, but Islamic rule Early European Societies: Trade Routes and Connections between the places De una familia de alumnos/eruditos Islamicos Que estoy escribiendo mis notas en espanol Cause and effect for growth of the Silk Roads after 1200 Development of money economies Increase in demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expand production of manufacture of steel and iron Increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of the Silk Road Promotion for growth of trading cities Indian Ocean Trade Routes Cause and effect for growth of Indian Ocean trade after 1200 Improved transportation technology Improved Commercial practices Innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial Larger ship designs and technologies Chinese Maritime activity encouraged technological and cultural transfers Knowledge on monsoon winds allowed for trade routes Increase in volume of trade and expansion of trade routes promoted new trading cities Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Cause and effect of growth of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Growth of existing transportation technologies (saddles) Empires influencing trade and communication 
Logan Tab Updated 1/2/23
