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study guide

Homestead Act (1862) Gave settlers 160 acres of free land for a $10 registration fee if they lived on it and farmed it for 5 years.

Pacific Railway Act (1862) congress passed a law to give land and money to companies to build the transcontinental railroad

Where did the Transcontinental Railroad meet? Promontory Summit, Utah (1869).

What immigrant labor made the railroad possible? Chinese immigrants (very mistreated) and Irish immigrant labor

Dakota Uprising of 1862

native americans attack settlers (leads to war)

38 chiefs & warriors are executed

largest US execution ever

Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Led by John Chinvington U.S. troops killed peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho people, mostly women and children.

Black Hills & Sioux Reservation The Black Hills were sacred to the Sioux; the U.S. took them after gold was discovered.

Custer’s Last Stand (1876) Custers unit is killed by Sioux Warriors

no survivors

indian victory

US now pushes efforts to force all Natives onto reservations

Assimilation Forcing Native Americans to adopt white American culture and give up their traditions.

Boarding Schools Schools where Native children were sent to erase their culture and language and to act as the whites.

Wounded Knee (1890) last major conflict between US army and Natives

200-300 natives killed

Panic of 1893

banks went out of business

many people with no job

collapse of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad

compared to the great depression

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Business & Industrialization

Entrepreneur A person who organizes & operates a business

Proprietorship A business owned by one person.

Partnership A business owned by two or more people.

Corporation A group authorized to act as a single entity, recognized by law

Andrew Carnegie Steel tycoon; believed in philanthropy and the “Gospel of Wealth.”

Investment Capital Money used to start or expand a business.

Henry George Reformer who believed poverty was caused by land monopolies; supported land tax.

ran for mayor of NYC didn’t run for republican or democrat

wrote a book called progress and poverty about how our country should have super rich and then very poor

J. P. Morgan Powerful banker who financed and controlled major corporations.

Monopoly When one company controls an entire industry.

John D. Rockefeller Oil tycoon who built a monopoly.

Standard Oil Company Rockefeller’s company that controlled most U.S. oil refining.

Bribes Illegal payments to influence decisions.

Kickbacks Secret payments for favors or contracts.

Henry Clay Frick Top manager for Andrew Carnegie

wanted to lower wages

kick out the union workers out of factory

Homestead Steel Strike (1892)

Henry Clay Frick lowers workers pay by 20%

Workers went on strike

Frick hires a private security force and brings new workers and killed 20

The government sides with Carnegie 100% over the union

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Labor & Workers

Typical working hours 12 hours per day.

Days per week 6 days a week.

Three goals of labor unions Better pay, shorter hours, safer working conditions.

Trade unions Unions for skilled workers in the same trade.

Industrial unions Unions for all workers in one industry (skilled + unskilled).

Samuel Gompers Leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL

leader of unions

wanted them built by skills ex: smiths, carpenters, etc.

Lockout Employers prevent workers from working.

Strike Workers stop working to demand change.

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Politics & Corruption

Tammany Hall political machine organization used to control the politics in NYC

used by Democrats

controlled votes and patronage

Boss Tweed Leader of Tammany Hall

known for corruption

gave jobs to immigrants/workers to ensure democratic vote

imprisoned for stealing tax payers money

Political machine Organization that controls politics through favors and corruption.

How politicians enriched themselves

took bribes for favors

gave jobs to supporters for money and loyalty

used their position to make money through deals

Two ways President Trump enriched himself while in office

Selling Crypto Currency to other nations

documentary made on Melania Trump

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Populism & Economic Crisis

Panic of 1893 Severe economic depression causing unemployment and bank failures.

Mary Elizabeth Lease Biggest speaker/advocate for the populist movement (farmers)

People’s Party / Populist Party Political party representing farmers and workers.

Coxey’s Army A March on the nations capital from Ohio to Washington DC

providing work to people with no jobs

response to the Panic of 1893

Key Populist reforms

Silver as part of the currency

Graduated income tax

Government control of railroads

Asking to government to break up the monopolies

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Gilded Age Society

Why Alva Vanderbilt was snubbed She got divorced which was almost unheard so they banished her from the society basically

Why they accepted her later Her daughter married the duke of marlborough

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Election of 1896 & Currency Debate

Gold Standard Gold backing paper money

less $$ in circulation

business interests benefit from this

Gold and Silver

more money in circulation

mild inflation that helps circulation and working people

Silver-backed currency (Free Silver) Money backed by silver to increase money supply.

William Jennings Bryan Populist/Democrat; supported free silver.

William McKinley Republican; supported gold standard and big business.

Election of 1896 Major turning point; McKinley won, business interests dominated politics.

Social Darwinism: took the ideas of Darwinistic science and tried to apply it to countries

just like some species are advancing because they’re more fit that can apply to countries as well

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