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Science Notebook 8th
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Essay Notes

Important Definitions
Purpose - the reason you are writing
Why are you writing this piece?
What are you trying to achieve?
Why did the author write the piece?
What was the author trying to achieve?
Audience - the people who will read your writing
Who do you want to read your writing?
Who did the author want to read his/her writing?
Tone - the author’s attitude toward the subject
How do you feel about the subject you are writing about?
What is your attitude towards the subject?
How does the author feel about his/her subject?
What is the author’s attitude toward the subject?
Diction - the author’s choice of words
What words will you use to convey your tone?
What words will help you deliver the best message you can?
What words did the author specifically choose to convey his/her tone?
What words helped the author deliver a strong message?
Context - the political, social, and/or historical, etc. climate during the time the piece written
Subject - the topic that the writing is mostly about
Speaker/Author - the person who wrote and/or presented the piece
Ethos
Pathos
Logos
Rhetoric - the art of effective speaking or writing
Argument Writing
What is Argument Writing? An argument essay is a piece of writing that provides information and presents an argument that includes the supporting and opposing ideas
The goal, or objective, of an argumentative essay is to convince your audience that your claim, or opinions, is valid.
People have been writing argumentative pieces for a long time.

While the objective of argumentative writing is to persuade the audience that your side, or claim, is valid, there are some key differences between persuasive and argumentative writting.

Argumentative vs. Persuasive Writing
Argumentative Writing
Persuasive Writing
1
Goal: Convince the audience that your claim is valid
Goal: Persuade the audience to agree with you
2
Getting Started: Conduct research about a topic, and then form a claim
Getting Started: Know your opinion and goal from the beggining
3
The Claim: Based off opinion and relevant and sufficient evidence
The Claim:Based on opinion. It may or may not be substantiated
4
Ethos: Established through subject matter knowledge (be an EXPERT on your subject)
Ethos: included, but author may not present relevant and and sufficient evidence to be considered an expert
5
Pathos: Included, but the author relies more on evidence than emotional appeal
Pathos: author relies heavily on the appeal to the audiences emotions
6
Logos: Established through relevant and sufficient reasoning and evidence
Logos: included, but there may not be enough relevant or sufficient evidence
7
Other Viewpoints: Must include opposing argument (counterclaims
Other Viewpoints: May or may not include a counterclaim
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