Introduction
Vim is a widely used, open-source Unix text editor. Learning to use Vim commands is a matter of practice and experience. That is why it is handy to have a helpful reference sheet while mastering them.
Moving Inside a File
You can move the cursor within a file by single characters, words, tokens, or lines.
According to Vim, a word can be a group of letters, numbers, and underscores. On the other hand, a token is anything separated by whitespace and can include punctuation.
Additionally, you can move to different parts of a text by screen view.
Moving by Characters, Words and Tokens
The basic keys for moving the cursor by one character are:
l – move the cursor right You can also use these keys with a number as a prefix to move in a specified direction multiple times. For example, if you run 5j the cursor moves down 5 lines.
b – move to the start of a word B – move to the start of a token w – move to the start of the next word W – move to the start of the next token e – move to the end of a word E – move to the end of a token For instance, you have the noun phrase “step-by-step” as part of a text and the cursor is placed at the end of it. The first time you press b, the cursor moves back to “step-by-step”. However, if you use B, the cursor moves all the way back to: “step-by-step” since there is no whitespace between these characters.
Moving by Lines
0 (zero) – jump to the beginning of the line $ – jump to the end of the line ^ – jump to the first (non-blank) character of the line #G / #gg / :# – move to a specified line number (replace # with the line number) To illustrate the difference between 0 and ^, take a look at the following example. In the first bullet, the command moves the cursor to the blank space before the bullet. On the other hand, in the third bullet, the ^ key moves the cursor to the hyphen (the first character in the line).
Moving by Screens
The following commands are used as a quick way to move within the text without scrolling.
Ctrl + b – move back one full screen Ctrl + f – move forward one full screen Ctrl + d – move forward 1/2 a screen Ctrl + u – move back 1/2 a screen Ctrl + e – move screen down one line (without moving the cursor) Ctrl + y – move screen up one line (without moving the cursor) Ctrl + o – move backward through the jump history Ctrl + i – move forward through the jump history H – move to the top of the screen (H=high) M – move to the middle of the screen (M=middle) L – move to the bottom of the screen (L=low) Inserting Text
i – switch to insert mode before the cursor I – insert text at the beginning of the line a – switch to insert mode after the cursor A – insert text at the end of the line o – open a new line below the current one O – open a new line above the current one ea – insert text at the end of the word Esc – exit insert mode; switch to command mode Some of these commands switch between command and insert mode. By default, Vim launches in command mode, allowing you to move around and edit the file. To switch to command mode, use the Esc key.
On the other hand, the insert mode enables you to type and add text into the file. To move to insert mode, press i.
Editing Text
r – replace a single character (and return to command mode) cc – replace an entire line (deletes the line and moves into insert mode) C / c$ – replace from the cursor to the end of a line cw – replace from the cursor to the end of a word s – delete a character (and move into insert mode) J – merge the line below to the current one with a space in between them gJ – merge the line below to the current one with no space in between them Cutting, Copying And Pasting
yy – copy (yank) entire line #yy – copy the specified number of lines dd – cut (delete) entire line #dd – cut the specified number of lines p – paste after the cursor P – paste before the cursor Marking Text (Visual Mode)
Apart from command mode and insert mode, Vim also includes visual mode. This mode is mainly used for marking text.
Based on the chunk of text you want to select, you can choose between three versions of visual mode: character mode, line mode, and block mode.
v – select text using character mode V – select lines using line mode Ctrl+v – select text using block mode Once you have enabled one of the modes, use the navigation keys to select the desired text.
o – move from one end of the selected text to the other ab – select a block with () aB – select a block with {} at – select a block with <> ib – select inner block with () iB – select inner block with {} it – select inner block with <> Visual Commands
Once you have selected the desired text in visual mode, you can use one of the visual commands to manipulate it. Some of them include:
y – yank (copy) the marked text d – delete (cut) the marked text p – paste the text after the cursor u – change the market text to lowercase U – change the market text to uppercase Search in File
* – jump to the next instance of the current word # – jump to previous instance of the current word /pattern – search forward for the specified pattern ?pattern – search backward for the specified pattern n – repeat the search in the same direction N – repeat the search in the opposite direction Saving and Exiting File
:wq / :x / ZZ – save and close the file :q!/ ZQ – quit without saving changes :w new_file_name – save the file under a new name and continue editing the original :sav – save the file under a new name and continue editing the new copy :w !sudo tee % – write out the file using sudo and tee command Working with Multiple Files
:e file_name – open a file in a new buffer :bn – move to the next buffer :bp – go back to previous buffer :b# – move to the specified buffer (by number) :b file_name – move to a buffer (by name) :ls – list all open buffers :sp file_name – open a file in a new buffer and split viewport horizontally :vs file_name – open a file in a new buffer and split viewport vertically :vert ba – edit all files as vertical viewports :tab ba – edit all buffers as tabs gT – move to previous tab Ctrl+wv – split viewport vertically Ctrl+ww – switch viewports Ctrl+wq – quit a viewport Ctrl+wx – exchange current viewport with next one Ctrl+= – make all viewports equal in height and width Marks and Jumps
m[a-z] – mark text using character mode (from a to z) M[a-z] – mark lines using line mode (from a to z) `a - jump to position marked a `y`a – yank text to position marked >a> `. – jump to last change in file `0 – jump to position where Vim was last exited :changes – list all changes Ctrl+i – move to next instance in jump list Ctrl+o – move to previous instance in jump list g, – move to next instance in change list g; – move to previous instance in change list Macros
@@ – run last macro again Enabling Vim Color Schemes
:colorscheme [colorscheme_name] – change to specified scheme :colorscheme [space]+Ctrl+d – list available Vim color scheme Conclusion
Knowing basic Vim commands is useful as most Linux distributions have it installed by default. Once you get use to using Vim commands, mastering Vim should be simple.
