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Ecology Test Study Guide

Lucy Ferrell

CHONPS

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

nitrogen

phosphorus

sulfur

All other elements found in small elements are called “trace elements”

Asexual reproduction-performed without the input of two parents

sexual reproduction- requires dna input from two parents

The process by which cells make ATP from food is called cellular respiration and takes place in the mitochondria.

the process by which food is made in plants is photosynthesis

The process in which living things grow in mitosis.

Living things reproduce sexually by meiosis.

Living things trying to maintain a biological balance is homeostasis.

There are 6 kingdoms

Archaea

animalia

bacteria

fungi

protista

plantae

Keystone species: a species on which other species depend on

Interspecific interactions:

Competition

Predation

Herbivory

Symbiosis

Niche: an animal's place in the world

interspecific competition- will always result in a winner and loser ( these requirements are called limiting factors)

5 adaptations of tough prey:

thorns/spines

hiding

alarming

mobbing

producing chemical toxins

Adaptations for good predators:

Acute senses

claws

speed

poison

camouflage

Batesian mimicry: harmless prey species mimics a prey species w/ defense mechanism

Mullerian mimicry: various species, all with defense mechanisms, mimic each other

Interspecific Interactions:

Mutualism

parasitism

commensalism

Energy flows in one direction

nutrients flow in a cycle

energy is passed in 10%

Food chain: shows how matter and energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers

Food web: overlapping food chains result in a more complex diagram

Producers

plants

phytoplankton

5 types of consumers on earth:

herbivores: feed on plants

carnivores: consumers that eat other consumers

omnivores: eat both plants and animals

decomposers: bacteria or fungus, that breaks down cells of dead plants

scavengers: organisms that seek out dead animals and feed on them

Trophic levels

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Ecosystem: All living things are impacted by the living and nonliving components of their environment

Biomagnification: just as energy flows through a community of organisms, so can toxins

Abiotic factors: Non living chemical and physical factors

biotic factors: living factors, all other organisms in an environment

Biomes:

Savanna

temperate grasslands

desert

Tundra

taiga

Tropical rainforest

temperate deciduous forests

coniferous forests

Two Graph Types:

Exponential

logistic ( has a carrying capacity)

Density independent factors:

forest fire

tornado

hurricane

drought

pollution

Density dependent limiting factors:

disease

famine

competition

predation

Primary succession: when a new patch of land is exposed for the first time and organisms start growing

Secondary succession: when an area that was inhabited had a disaster happen and now new growth happens

Also know basic graphing and biome details

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