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Ecology Test Study Guide

CHONPS

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
All other elements found in small elements are called “trace elements”
Asexual reproduction-performed without the input of two parents
sexual reproduction- requires dna input from two parents

The process by which cells make ATP from food is called cellular respiration and takes place in the mitochondria.
the process by which food is made in plants is photosynthesis
The process in which living things grow in mitosis.
Living things reproduce sexually by meiosis.
Living things trying to maintain a biological balance is homeostasis.

There are 6 kingdoms

Archaea
animalia
bacteria
fungi
protista
plantae
Keystone species: a species on which other species depend on

Interspecific interactions:

Competition
Predation
Herbivory
Symbiosis
Niche: an animal's place in the world
interspecific competition- will always result in a winner and loser ( these requirements are called limiting factors)

5 adaptations of tough prey:

thorns/spines
hiding
alarming
mobbing
producing chemical toxins

Adaptations for good predators:

Acute senses
claws
speed
poison
camouflage
Batesian mimicry: harmless prey species mimics a prey species w/ defense mechanism
Mullerian mimicry: various species, all with defense mechanisms, mimic each other

Interspecific Interactions:

Mutualism
parasitism
commensalism
Energy flows in one direction
nutrients flow in a cycle
energy is passed in 10%
Food chain: shows how matter and energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers
Food web: overlapping food chains result in a more complex diagram

Producers

plants
phytoplankton

5 types of consumers on earth:

herbivores: feed on plants
carnivores: consumers that eat other consumers
omnivores: eat both plants and animals
decomposers: bacteria or fungus, that breaks down cells of dead plants
scavengers: organisms that seek out dead animals and feed on them

Trophic levels

image.png
Ecosystem: All living things are impacted by the living and nonliving components of their environment
Biomagnification: just as energy flows through a community of organisms, so can toxins

Abiotic factors: Non living chemical and physical factors
biotic factors: living factors, all other organisms in an environment

Biomes:

Savanna
temperate grasslands
desert
Tundra
taiga
Tropical rainforest
temperate deciduous forests
coniferous forests

Two Graph Types:

Exponential
logistic ( has a carrying capacity)

Density independent factors:

forest fire
tornado
hurricane
drought
pollution

Density dependent limiting factors:

disease
famine
competition
predation
Primary succession: when a new patch of land is exposed for the first time and organisms start growing
Secondary succession: when an area that was inhabited had a disaster happen and now new growth happens
Also know basic graphing and biome details






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