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07. Health And Hygine

Answers to textbook exercises

Prepared by: learnloophq@gmail.com

Last edited 25 days ago by Learn LoopHQ.

Chapter: 07. Health And Hygine

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Fill in the blanks.

Rabies is also known as Hydrophobia.

Sleeping sickness is caused by tsetse fly.

Scabies is caused by mites.

Malarial fever is spread by female Anopheles mosquito.

Elephantiasis is caused by filaria worm and spread by female Culex mosquito.

Check Point 2

Kwashiorkor is caused by the deficiency of vitamin A.

False. Kwashiorkor is caused by the deficiency of protein in diet.

Vitamin D is good for bones.

True.

Hypertension is regular high blood pressure.

True.

Allergy is the tumorous growth in the body cells.

False. Allergy is the hypersensitivity or unusual reactivity of body to a foreign substance.

Uremia is the accumulation of urea in the body.

True.

A. Multiple Choice Questions

Communicable diseases are caused by

(d) All of these

Lack of insulin leads to

(a) Diabetes

Protein deficiency leads to

(b) Marasmus

Botulism is

(d) Food poisoning

Which of the diseases is transmitted by a vector?

(a) Dengue

Which of the following is a disease caused by bacteria?

(d) Cholera

Which of the following is a communicable disease?

(a) Measles

This is the polio vaccine.

(d) OPV

Personal hygiene includes care of

(d) All of these

Which waste will not be thrown in Blue bin?

(d) Leather purse

B. Assertion-Reason Type Questions

Assertion [A]: Pathogenic organisms are called germs. Reason [R]: Pathogenic organisms cause infectious diseases.

(a) Both Assertion [A] and Reason [R] are true.

Assertion [A]: An antiseptic is a chemical that kills infectious organisms without harming the person. Reason [R]: Ammonia and Lysol are commonly used antiseptics.

Assertion [A]: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances used to treat viral infections. Reason [R]: Antibiotics are used to destroy or slow down the growth of viruses.

(b) Both Assertion [A] and Reason [R] are false.

C. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

Disease caused due to vitamin C deficiency is called Scurvy.

The disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens (or germs).

Anaemia is caused due to the deficiency of mineral Iron and vitamin B6 (or B12).

Calcium is required for the health of bones and teeth.

Kwashiorkor is caused due to deficiency of protein.

Disease caused by the bite of rabid dog is Rabies (or Hydrophobia).

D. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, rewrite the correct form of statements.

Osteomalacia is an iodine deficiency disease.

False. Osteomalacia is a Calcium and Vitamin D deficiency disease.

Allergy is caused by protozoans.

False. Allergy is caused by hypersensitivity to foreign substances called allergens.

Polio is a bacterial disease.

False. Polio is a viral disease.

Blue bin is used for wet waste.

False. Blue bin is used for recyclable or dry waste.

E. Define these terms.

Disease

Any disorder or discomfort in the body.

Pathogen

Disease-causing microorganisms.

Immunisation

Vaccination at community level (large scale vaccination).

Compostable waste

Waste that can decay easily; also called wet waste.

Antibodies

A type of protein made by the body to kill antigens or pathogens.

Landfilling

A method of waste disposal where solid waste is dumped on a piece of low-lying land or in a huge ditch, compressed, levelled, and covered with soil.

F. Give one word for the following.

Taking care of one’s own body

Personal hygiene

Diseases which develop within the womb

Congenital diseases (or Genetic disorders)

Poor growth and improper functioning of reproductive organs

Sterility

G. Give reasons for the following.

You are advised not to eat cut fruits from roadside vendors.

Cut fruits from roadside vendors are exposed to dust, flies, and other contaminants, which can carry disease-causing microorganisms, leading to food-borne illnesses like cholera or typhoid.

There are more chances of catching cold and influenza in public places.

Cold and influenza are droplet infections, meaning they spread through air when infected persons sneeze or cough, releasing droplets containing viruses. In public and crowded places, the concentration of such droplets and the proximity to infected individuals increase, making transmission more likely.

Cigarette smoking is injurious to health.

Cigarette smoking introduces harmful substances into the body, which can cause disorders of the liver, heart, and lung, and is a factor that favours cancer.

Driving after taking alcohol may lead to accidents.

Alcohol consumption affects the brain and nervous system, impairing judgment, reaction time, and coordination, which are crucial for safe driving, thus increasing the risk of accidents.

H. Encircle the odd one out. Give reasons for your choice.

Proteins, fats, minerals, cancer

Cancer. Proteins, fats, and minerals are essential nutrients required for a healthy body, while cancer is a noncommunicable disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

Measles, influenza, typhoid, rabies

Typhoid. Measles, influenza, and rabies are viral diseases, while typhoid is a bacterial disease.

Bronchitis, silicosis, arthritis, fever

Fever. Bronchitis, silicosis, and arthritis are specific diseases (degenerative or pollution-related), while fever is a symptom indicating an underlying infection or disorder, not a disease itself.

Paper, glass, tin, cotton

Cotton. Paper, glass, and tin are typically dry, recyclable wastes, while cotton (if natural fiber) is a compostable or biodegradable material.

I. Differentiate between the following.

Noncommunicable diseases and communicable diseases

Communicable diseases spread from diseased persons to healthy ones, are caused by microorganisms, and require a spreading agent. Examples include smallpox and cholera.

Noncommunicable diseases do not spread from a sick person to a healthy one, are caused by factors like nutritional deficiency, old age, or genetic disorders, and do not require a spreading agent. Examples include diabetes and arthritis.

Malnutrition and undernutrition

Malnutrition is a condition caused by a lack of one or more nutrients in the diet, which may be due to faulty food habits, poverty, or ignorance about a balanced diet.

Undernutrition is a condition in which people or children receive insufficient food due to poverty.

Haemophilia and thalassaemia

Haemophilia is a genetic disorder where blood clotting becomes very slow due to the lack of specific blood-clotting factors in the blood.

Thalassaemia is a genetic disorder where the haemoglobin of red blood cells (RBCs) becomes defective, often requiring frequent blood transfusions.

J. Match the columns.

Vitamin A - (e) Night blindness

Iodine - (d) Goitre

BCG - (a) Tuberculosis

Calcium - (b) Rickets

K. Answer these questions.

List the various causes of diseases.

Diseases may be caused due to: nutritional deficiencies (improper or unbalanced diet); infection with microorganisms or pathogens (like viruses, bacteria, or protozoans); malfunctioning of vital body organs; allergic reactions to certain substances (allergens); and social factors such as drinking, smoking, and drug addiction.

List different ways by which communicable diseases are transmitted.

Communicable diseases are transmitted by: direct contact with the patient (or their articles), contaminated air (droplet infection), contaminated food, contaminated water, insect or animal bites (vectors), unhygienic habits, and contact with soil (through cuts or bruises).

What is health? What will you do to lead a healthy life?

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease.

To lead a healthy life, one should: eat a balanced diet with plenty of green vegetables and fruits; follow an adequate regime of physical exercise, proper recreation, regular and adequate sleep, and peace of mind; take care of personal and domestic hygiene; drink clean and purified water and eat fresh food; breathe in fresh and clean air; keep away from tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; visit a doctor regularly for check-ups; and get regular vaccinations.

What are deficiency diseases? Name some deficiency diseases.

Deficiency diseases are noncommunicable diseases caused due to the lack of one or more essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, or minerals) in the diet.

Some deficiency diseases include: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Night blindness, Scurvy, Beri-beri, Anaemia, Goitre, Rickets, and Muscle weakness.

What is meant by PEM? Name the disease caused due to PEM.

PEM stands for Protein-Energy Malnutrition. It is a serious nutritional disorder caused by the deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food, leading to muscle degeneration and reduced body weight.

The diseases caused due to PEM are Kwashiorkor (due to protein deficiency) and Marasmus (due to deficiency of both protein and carbohydrate).

What steps would you take to prevent infectious diseases?

To prevent infectious diseases, one should: avoid stale and spoiled food, use boiled water, keep food covered, and store food at low temperatures; keep surroundings clean by cleaning floors with disinfectants and not allowing garbage or water to stagnate; practice good personal hygiene like washing hands with soap and water, covering mouth/nose while sneezing/coughing, and avoiding direct contact with infected persons; maintain overall good health through regular meals, adequate sleep, avoiding harmful substances, and simple physical exercises; and promote vaccination and health education in the community.

List the sources of vitamins A, B and D. Also mention the diseases caused by their deficiency.

Vitamin A (Retinol):

Sources: Carrot, mango, papaya, milk, fish.

Deficiency Disease: Night blindness.

Vitamin B (various B vitamins):

B₁ (Thiamine): Sources: Egg, meat, cereals, cabbage, yeast. Deficiency: Beri-beri.

B₂ (Riboflavin): Sources: Cheese, milk, green leafy vegetables, egg. Deficiency: Dermatitis.

B₃ (Niacin): Sources: Whole grain cereals, green leafy vegetables. Deficiency: Pellagra.

B₆ (Pyridoxine): Sources: Liver, green leafy vegetables, whole grain cereals. Deficiency: Anaemia.

B₁₂ (Cyanocobalamin): Sources: Fish, egg, meat, liver, fruits. Deficiency: Pernicious anaemia.

Vitamin D (Calciferol):

Sources: Milk, yolk, ghee, oil, butter.

Deficiency Disease: Rickets (in children) and Osteomalacia (in adults).

What are heart diseases? Mention some such diseases.

Heart diseases, also known as cardiovascular diseases, are degenerative diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels due to their malfunctioning.

Some such diseases include: Arteriosclerosis (hardening of artery walls), Atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries due to cholesterol deposition), Hypertension (regular high blood pressure), and Coronary Heart Disease (poor oxygen supply to heart muscles, leading to severe pain, breathlessness, or heart attack/angina).

How would you keep your surroundings clean?

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