This pivotal question is essentially: “How much do plant-based products substitute for animal products and improve welfare?”. See for context on this Pivotal Question.

What should PQ evaluators do — see ?

To see the canonical statement of this PQ, its subquestions, and the specific operationalized questions for evaluators to consider, click
, and use the filter bar to select this PQ.

To see the relevant literature to evaluate (you may have been asked to focus on a subset of this), go to and use the filter bars to choose the relevant PQ and methods.



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