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English 筆記 (主/動/賓+方/地/時)


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表達「完成後會通知對方」,這裡有一些更自然的句型:

"I'll let you know once I'm done." (更自然,比 when 更強調「一完成就通知你」)
"I'll update you when I'm finished." (更正式,適合工作場合)
"I'll inform you as soon as I’m done." (更正式,有「一完成馬上通知」的感覺)
"I'll let you know when it's ready." (如果是某個專案或文件完成)
"I'll get back to you once I've finished." (更強調「完成後再聯絡」)
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Can you help me ? 你有沒有能力幫我? Could you help me ? 你有沒有可能幫助我? Would you help me ? 你願不願意幫助我?




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1. 基本用法

Because of + 名詞/名詞片語(適用於簡短原因)
The flight was delayed because of bad weather. (飛機因為天氣不好而延誤。)
⚠️ Because + 子句(最常見,適合口語和書寫)
I stayed home because it was raining. (我待在家,因為下雨了。)

2. 正式或書面語

Due to + 名詞/名詞片語(類似 because of,較正式)
The cancellation was due to unforeseen circumstances. (取消是因為無法預見的情況。)
Owing to + 名詞/名詞片語(較正式,書面語)
Owing to technical issues, the event was postponed. (由於技術問題,活動延期了。)
⚠️ As / Since + 子句(較正式,常用於寫作)
Since it was getting late, we decided to leave. (因為時間晚了,我們決定離開。)
As he was feeling unwell, he didn’t go to work. (由於他感到不適,他沒去上班。)

3. 非正式或口語用法

Thanks to + 名詞/名詞片語(帶有正面或諷刺意味)
Thanks to your help, we finished on time. (多虧你的幫助,我們準時完成了。)
Thanks to the traffic, I was late again. (因為交通,我又遲到了。)
On account of + 名詞/名詞片語(偏正式,但也可用於口語)
The game was canceled on account of the heavy rain. (因為大雨,這場比賽取消了。)
⚠️ Seeing that + 子句(口語化,表示已知的理由)
Seeing that you’re busy, I’ll come back later. (看你很忙,我晚點再來。)

4. 其他強調原因的用法

⚠️ For + 子句(較正式,通常在句中或句尾)
I won’t go out, for it is too cold today. (我不出去,因為今天太冷了。)
⚠️ Due to the fact that + 子句(冗長但正式)
The project was delayed due to the fact that resources were limited. (這個專案因為資源有限而延誤了。)

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1. 先因後果 (Cause → Effect)(先說明原因,再說明結果)

⚠️ Because + 子句,主句
Because it was raining, we stayed at home. (因為下雨,我們待在家。)
⚠️ Since / As + 子句,主句
Since he didn’t study, he failed the exam. (因為他沒讀書,所以考試不及格。)
Because of + 名詞/名詞片語,主句
Because of the heavy rain, we stayed at home. (因為大雨,我們待在家。)
Because of his hard work, he got promoted. (因為他的努力,他被升職了。)
Due to / Owing to + 名詞/名詞片語,主句
Due to heavy traffic, we arrived late. (因為交通擁擠,我們遲到了。)
On account of + 名詞/名詞片語,主句
On account of his illness, he couldn’t attend the meeting. (因為生病,他無法參加會議。)
Thanks to + 名詞/名詞片語,主句(通常表示正面結果)
Thanks to your help, we completed the project on time. (多虧你的幫助,我們準時完成了專案。)
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2. 先果後因 (Effect → Cause)(先說明結果,再補充原因)

⚠️ 主句 + because + 子句
We stayed at home because it was raining. (我們待在家,因為下雨。)
⚠️ 主句 + as / since + 子句
He failed the exam since he didn’t study. (他考試不及格,因為他沒讀書。)
⚠️ 主句 + for + 子句(較正式或文學用法)
He couldn’t attend the meeting, for he was ill. (他無法參加會議,因為他生病了。)
主句 + because of + 名詞/名詞片語
We stayed at home because of the heavy rain. (我們待在家,因為大雨。)
He got promoted because of his hard work. (他被升職了,因為他的努力。)
主句 + due to / owing to + 名詞/名詞片語
We arrived late due to heavy traffic. (我們遲到了,因為交通擁擠。)
主句 + on account of + 名詞/名詞片語
The event was postponed on account of bad weather. (活動延期了,因為天氣不好。)
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Because of 常見錯誤:不能直接接子句
Because of it was raining, we stayed at home.( 錯 ❌ )
Because of the rain, we stayed at home.( 對 ✅ )
如果要接子句,應該用 because + 子句Because it was raining, we stayed at home.
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題目 1:

___ he was running late, he still managed to catch the train. (A) Although (B) Despite (C) However (D) Because
解析:
Although 是連接詞,後接完整子句。 Despite 是介系詞,後接名詞或動名詞。 However 是連接副詞,通常位於兩個句子之間。 Because 是連接詞,用於表示原因,但與句意不符。

題目 2:

The project was delayed ___ the unexpected weather conditions. (A) because of (B) although (C) moreover (D) because
解析:
Because of 是介系詞片語,後接名詞或名詞短語,表示原因。 Although 是連接詞,應接完整子句。 Moreover 是連接副詞,用於補充資訊,不符合句意。 Because 是連接詞,後接子句,但空格後無子句。

題目 3:

She finished her report on time; ___, her colleague missed the deadline. (A) therefore (B) meanwhile (C) however (D) because
解析: ​However 是連接副詞,表示轉折,用於對比兩個句子。 Therefore 表示因果關係,但句意不符。 Meanwhile 表示同時進行,與句子邏輯不符。 Because 是連接詞,不適合放在分號後。

題目 4:

___ his impressive qualifications, he did not get the job. (A) Because (B) Although (C) Despite (D) Therefore
解析: Despite 是介系詞,後接名詞或名詞短語。 BecauseAlthough 是連接詞,後接子句。 Therefore 是連接副詞,與句意不符。

題目 5:

The manager decided to extend the deadline ___ the team had made significant progress. (A) because (B) however (C) despite (D) although
解析: Because 是連接詞,表示原因,符合句意。 However 是連接副詞,不用來連接子句。 Despite 是介系詞,後接名詞或動名詞,句子結構不符。 Although 表示轉折,但句意不符合。
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1. Implication(含義、影響、暗示)

🔹 重點:指某事可能帶來的影響(通常是間接的或未明說的)。 🔹 常見用法
Implication of sth(某事的影響或可能的結果)
Have implications for sth(對某事有影響)
By implication(暗示地)
🔹 例句
The new policy has serious implications for small businesses. (這項新政策對小型企業有嚴重影響。)
He didn’t say it directly, but by implication, he blamed me for the mistake. (他沒直接說,但言下之意是怪我犯錯。)

2. Affect(影響,動詞)

🔹 重點:指某事對人、事物或情緒產生改變或影響。 🔹 常見用法
A affects B(A 影響 B,動詞)
🔹 例句
The weather can affect your mood. (天氣會影響你的心情。)
The new law will affect many industries. (新法律將影響許多產業。)
注意:「affect」是動詞,常與 effect(名詞)混淆。

3. Effect(影響,效果,名詞)

🔹 重點:「effect」是名詞,表示某個影響或結果。 🔹 常見用法
Have an effect on sth(對某事有影響)
Take effect(生效)
🔹 例句
The new law will have a positive effect on the economy. (新法律將對經濟產生正面影響。)
The medicine takes effect in 30 minutes. (這藥 30 分鐘後開始生效。)
記住:「affect」是動詞,「effect」是名詞,例如: ✅ The new rule affects productivity.(動詞) ✅ The new rule has an effect on productivity.(名詞)

4. Impact(影響,衝擊,動詞/名詞)

🔹 重點:「impact」可以是名詞或動詞,通常表示較強烈的影響或改變。 🔹 常見用法
Have an impact on sth(對某事有影響)
Impact sth(影響某事,動詞)
🔹 例句
The new technology has a huge impact on our daily lives.(名詞) (新技術對我們的日常生活有巨大影響。)
The crisis impacted the entire economy.(動詞) (這場危機影響了整個經濟。)
注意:「impact」比「effect」語氣更強,通常用來描述重大影響,例如社會變革、經濟衝擊等。
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快速理解並運用 require 句型的例句

1. S + require + 名詞 (需要某物)

This job requires patience and attention to detail. ​(這份工作需要耐心和對細節的關注。)
The project requires additional funding. ​(這個專案需要額外的資金。)
當「物」作為主詞時,常用 "be required" 來表示「被需要」、「被要求」, 尤其在被動語態的句子中。

物 + be required for + 名詞 (表示某物對某事是必需的)

A visa is required for entry into the country. ​(進入該國需要簽證。)
More data is required for accurate analysis. ​(準確的分析需要更多數據。)

物 + be required to V (表示某物被要求做某事)

A password is required to access the system. ​(存取系統需要密碼。)
Further tests are required to confirm the results. ​(需要進一步測試來確認結果。)

物 + be required by + 人/機構 (表示某物被某人或機構要求)

Safety equipment is required by law in this facility. ​(該設施依法要求配備安全設備。)
Annual reports are required by the company’s regulations. ​(公司規定要求提交年度報告。)
當「人」作為主詞時,"be required" 通常用來表示「某人被要求做某事」

人 + be require + to V ( 某人被要求.... 需要做某事)

Employees are required to wear uniforms. ​(員工被要求穿制服。)
You are required to submit the report by Friday. ​(你需要在星期五之前提交報告。)
All employees are required to attend the meeting. ​(所有員工被要求參加會議。)
You are required to submit the report by Monday. ​(你被要求在星期一前提交報告。)
Students are required to wear uniforms at school. ​(學生在學校被要求穿制服。)

人 + be required by + 人/機構 (表示某人被某機構或規定要求)

Visitors are required by law to show identification. ​(訪客依法被要求出示身分證明。)
Employees are required by the company to follow safety regulations. ​(公司要求員工遵守安全規定。)

2. S + require + that + S + V (要求某人做某事) should 可省略

The law requires that all drivers (should) have a valid license. ​(法律規定所有駕駛人都必須持有有效的駕照。)
The teacher requires that students (should) complete their homework on time. ​(老師要求學生準時完成作業。)

3. require + V-ing (表示某事 需要 被處理 )

This machine requires regular maintenance. ​(這台機器需要定期維護。)
The job requires working overtime occasionally. ​(這份工作有時需要加班。)

Require 常見句型和搭配的關鍵資訊:

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1. require + 名詞 / 名詞片語 直接要求或需要某事物 | 表示需要某事物或要求特定的東西。

The job requires a degree.

2. require + 動名詞 (gerund) 表示需要完成某個行動。

This task requires careful planning.
This process requires double-checking all entries.

3. require + 受詞 + 不定詞 (infinitive) 要求某人去做某事

They require employees to attend the meeting.
The manager requires all staff to submit their reports by Friday.
The school requires students to wear uniforms.

4. require that + 子句 虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood) : 用於正式場合,要求某件事發生,使用子句搭配 原形動詞

We require that everyone be on time.
The law requires that drivers be tested annually.
We require that the contract be signed before the end of the month.
在多益考試中,"require" 經常與以下名詞或短語搭配使用:
require assistance (需要協助)
If you require assistance, please contact customer support.
require approval (需要批准)
All changes require approval from the department head.
require attention (需要注意)
This issue requires immediate attention.
require confirmation (需要確認)
Reservations require confirmation 24 hours in advance.
require training (需要訓練)
New employees require training before handling customer inquiries.

常見錯誤與正確用法

錯誤 1: require 跳過受詞,直接搭配不定詞

錯誤: The job requires to have experience.正確: The job requires having experience. (動名詞形式) ​正確: The job requires applicants to have experience. (受詞 + 不定詞)

錯誤 2: 在 require that 子句,忘記使用原形動詞

錯誤: The rules require that he submits the form. (原形動詞表示不受單複數與時態影響) ​正確: The rules require that he submit the form. (使用原形動詞 "submit")

錯誤 3: Require 是及物動詞,因此 後面需要有直接受詞

錯誤: The company requires for more budget. 正確: The company requires more budget. ( 及物動詞直接接受詞,不及物才需要介系詞 )

4. 多益題型範例

a. 單選填空 (Sentence Completion)

The manager requires all employees ___ the report by Friday. A. to submit B. submit C. submitting D. submitted 答案:A
The regulations require that each document ___ clearly labeled. A. is B. will be C. be D. being 答案:C

b. 文法判斷 (Error Recognition)

The client require to provide additional information before the order can be processed.
錯誤:require 應該改為 requires,並搭配不定詞結構改為 requires providingrequires the client to provide
Our policy requires that all staff attends the safety training.
錯誤:attends 應該改為 attend,因為 "require that" 之後應使用原形動詞
Require 及物動詞,通常不搭配 "for" 來使用。 因為 "require" 本身已經包含了「需要」或「要求」的意思,所以直接接受詞即可。例如:
正確:The job requires experience.
錯誤:The job requires for experience.

何時使用 "for"

"Require" 後面直接接受詞,但 如果要表示「為了某個目的」而需要某物時,可以使用不同的結構,比如用 "necessary for" 來替代 "require" + 受詞,例如:
正確:This document is necessary for the application process.
錯誤:This document is required for the application process.
某些特定情境下,require 可以與 for 一起使用, 通常是用來表示目的或特定對象,像是 required for use in... 。例如:
Correct: Safety gear is required for operating machinery.

建議使用方式

為了避免混淆,建議記住這些簡單規則:
直接需求 → 不要用 for:The project requires additional funds.
強調目的或對象 → 可以用 for:A permit is required for construction.
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Require 常見被動句型和搭配的關鍵資訊:,

Require 被動語態,通常是為了強調「某事物被需要」或「被要求」的對象。以下是幾個常見的被動語態結構和例句解釋:
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1. require + to be + 過去分詞 (past participle)

當使用 被動語態 時,"require" 後接 "to be + 過去分詞" 表達某事物「被要求」完成。
The documents are required to be submitted by Friday.
文件被要求在星期五之前提交。

2. require that + 受詞 + be + 過去分詞

在強調要求某件事發生時,可以使用 "require that" + 受詞 + "be + 過去分詞"
It is required that all employees be trained.
所有員工被要求接受培訓。

3. 名詞/代名詞 + be required + 不定詞 (infinitive)

在這種結構中,require 的受詞成為被動語態中的主詞,後面接 " to + 原形動詞 "
All employees are required to attend the meeting.
所有員工被要求參加會議。

4. require + 名詞 / 名詞片語 (被動)

這類被動語態用來表示某事物「被需要」或「是必需的」。
Proper documentation is required for the process.
這個過程需要適當的文件。

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以介系詞為開頭的句型

With 開頭的 英文句型

「With」開頭的英文句型通常用來表達條件、狀態、工具或方式,這些句型在技術、商務和日常交流中都很常見。以下是一些常見的句型結構和例句:

1. 表達條件或情境

With + 名詞 , 主句(當…的時候/如果有…)
With + 名詞 + 形容詞/副詞/分詞 , 主句(在…的情況下)
例句:
With + 名詞 + 形容詞
With the weather cold, we decided to stay indoors. (天氣寒冷的情況下,我們決定待在室內。)
With more experience, you will become a better engineer.
With + 名詞 + 副詞
With the children playing happily, the parents enjoyed a quiet afternoon. (孩子們快樂地玩耍時,父母享受了一個寧靜的下午。)
With the weather being so cold, we decided to stay indoors. (由於天氣太冷,我們決定待在室內。)
With + 名詞 + 分詞
With the project delayed, we had to adjust our schedule. (由於專案延遲,我們不得不調整時間表。)
With proper planning, the project can be completed on time. (有適當的規劃,這個專案可以準時完成。)

2. 表示工具或方法

With + 名詞 + 介詞短語(用…來做…)
With + 名詞 + to V(用…來…)
例句:
With a good design tool, engineers can work more efficiently. (使用好的設計工具,工程師可以更有效率地工作。)
With this software, you can simulate the entire circuit. (使用這個軟體,你可以模擬整個電路。)
With enough data to analyze, we can optimize the IC design. (有足夠的數據可分析,我們可以優化IC設計。)

3. 表示伴隨動作

With + 名詞 + 現在分詞(某物/某人正在做某事)主動
With + 名詞 + 過去分詞(某物/某人已經被…)被動
例句:
With the engineer leading the team, the project is in good hands. (有這位工程師帶領團隊,這個專案很穩妥。)
With power consumption reduced, the chip operates more efficiently. (功耗降低後,晶片運行得更有效率。)
With all the components tested, we can proceed to assembly. (所有元件測試完畢後,我們可以進入組裝階段。)

除了 with 之外,許多介系詞(prepositions)也可以用來開頭,形成不同的句型,通常用來表達時間、原因、條件、方式或地點。以下是一些常見的 介系詞開頭句型,並附上適合 IC 設計 領域的例句。

1. 表示時間 (Time)

At + 時間點, 主句
In + 時間範圍, 主句
On + 特定日期, 主句
By + 截止時間點, 主句(表示截至某時完成)
Before / After + 時間點/事件, 主句
例句:
At the final stage of the design, verification becomes critical. (在設計的最後階段,驗證變得至關重要。)
In the early phase of development, specifications must be clearly defined. (在開發的早期階段,規格必須明確定義。)
By the deadline, all circuit simulations must be completed. (在截止日期前,所有電路模擬必須完成。)
After fabrication, the chip undergoes rigorous testing. (晶片製造完成後,將進行嚴格測試。)

2. 表示原因/條件 (Cause/Condition)

Due to / Because of + 名詞, 主句
Owing to + 名詞, 主句
Thanks to + 名詞, 主句
For + 原因, 主句
例句:
Due to power constraints, the design must be optimized for efficiency. (由於功耗限制,設計必須優化以提高效率。)
Because of a layout issue, the signal integrity was affected. (由於佈局問題,訊號完整性受到影響。)
Thanks to advanced fabrication techniques, transistor sizes are shrinking. (多虧於先進的製造技術,電晶體尺寸正在縮小。)
For better performance, we chose a more efficient architecture. (為了更好的效能,我們選擇了更高效的架構。)

3. 表示方式/工具 (Manner/Means)

By + 方法, 主句
Through + 方法, 主句
With + 工具/方式, 主句
例句:
By using a low-power design methodology, battery life can be extended. (透過使用低功耗設計方法,電池壽命可以延長。)
Through simulation, we can detect design flaws early. (透過模擬,我們可以及早發現設計缺陷。)
With a high-speed clock, data processing becomes more efficient. (透過高速時脈,數據處理變得更有效率。)

4. 表示地點/範圍 (Place/Scope)

In + 地點/範圍, 主句
On + 表面/平台, 主句
At + 特定位置, 主句
例句:
In the semiconductor industry, innovation is key to success. (在半導體產業中,創新是成功的關鍵。)
On the PCB, multiple layers are used for signal routing. (在印刷電路板上,使用多層來進行訊號佈線。)
At the nanometer scale, quantum effects become significant. (在奈米尺度上,量子效應變得顯著。)

5. 表示讓步 (Concession)

Despite + 名詞, 主句
Regardless of + 名詞, 主句
Although + 子句, 主句
例句:
Despite strict design constraints, we achieved high performance. (儘管設計限制嚴格,我們仍然達成高效能。)
Regardless of the challenges, the team delivered the project on time. (無論面臨什麼挑戰,團隊都準時完成專案。)
Although the process is complex, the yield rate remains high. (雖然製程複雜,良率仍然保持在高水平。)
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As such 用法範例

專案管理

The project has reached its final phase. As such, we need to allocate resources efficiently to ensure timely completion. (專案已進入最後階段。因此,我們需要有效分配資源,以確保按時完成。)

科技業

AI technology is evolving rapidly. As such, companies must continuously update their strategies to remain competitive. (人工智慧技術正在快速發展。因此,企業必須不斷更新策略,以保持競爭力。)

商務決策

The market demand has shifted towards sustainable products. As such, we are restructuring our supply chain to align with this trend. (市場需求已轉向永續產品。因此,我們正在重組供應鏈,以符合這一趨勢。)
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何時選擇 "As such"

不像 therefore 那麼直接強調「結果」, ​As such 強調前後內容的因果關係,偏向一種 推理或背景承接, 適合正式或書面商務場景。
The software update enhances security. As such, users can expect a more reliable system.(這次軟體更新提升了安全性。因此,使用者可以期待更可靠的系統。)
The software update enhances security. therefore, we should release it immediately.(若表達直接的 因果關係,用 "therefore" 更合適)

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