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Column 3
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Table 2
Name
Column 2
Column 3
Notes
Sub-topic
Understanding
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A.1 Kinematics
that the motion of bodies through space and time can be described and analysed in terms of position, velocity, and acceleration
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A.1 Kinematics
velocity is the rate of change of position, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
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A.1 Kinematics
the change in position is the displacement
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A.1 Kinematics
the difference between distance and displacement
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A.1 Kinematics
the difference between instantaneous and average values of velocity, speed and acceleration, and how to determine them
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A.1 Kinematics
the equations of motion for solving problems with uniformly accelerated motion as given by s = u + v/2 t, v = u + at, s = ut + 1/2 at², v² = u² + 2as
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A.1 Kinematics
motion with uniform and non-uniform acceleration
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A.1 Kinematics
the behaviour of projectiles in the absence of fluid resistance, and the application of the equations of motion resolved into vertical and horizontal components
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A.1 Kinematics
the qualitative effect of fluid resistance on projectiles, including time of flight, trajectory, velocity, acceleration, range and terminal speed
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A.2 Forces and momentum
Newton’s three laws of motion
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A.2 Forces and momentum
forces as interactions between bodies
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that forces acting on a body can be represented in a free-body diagram
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that free-body diagrams can be analysed to find the resultant force on a system
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A.2 Forces and momentum
the nature and use of the following contact forces
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A.2 Forces and momentum
normal force FN is the component of the contact force acting perpendicular to the surface that counteracts the body
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A.2 Forces and momentum
surface frictional force Ff acting in a direction parallel to the plane of contact between a body and a surface, on a stationary body as given by Ff ≤μsFN or a body in motion as given by Ff = μdFN where μs and μd are the coefficients of static and dynamic friction respectively
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A.2 Forces and momentum
tension
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A.2 Forces and momentum
elastic restoring force FH following Hooke’s law as given by FH = –kx where k is the spring constant
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A.2 Forces and momentum
viscous drag force Fd acting on a small sphere opposing its motion through a fluid as given by Fd = 6πηrv where η is the fluid viscosity, r is the radius of the sphere and v is the velocity of the sphere through the fluid
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A.2 Forces and momentum
buoyancy Fb acting on a body due to the displacement of the fluid as given by Fb = ρVg where V is the volume of fluid displaced
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A.2 Forces and momentum
the nature and use of the following field forces
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A.2 Forces and momentum
gravitational force Fg is the weight of the body and calculated is given by Fg = mg
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A.2 Forces and momentum
electric force Fe
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A.2 Forces and momentum
magnetic force Fm
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that linear momentum as given by p = mv remains constant unless the system is acted upon by a resultant external force
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that a resultant external force applied to a system constitutes an impulse J as given by J = FΔt where F is the average resultant force and Δt is the time of contact
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that the applied external impulse equals the change in momentum of the system
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that Newton’s second law in the form F = ma assumes mass is constant whereas F = Δp/Δt allows for situations where mass is changing
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A.2 Forces and momentum
the elastic and inelastic collisions of two bodies
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A.2 Forces and momentum
explosions
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A.2 Forces and momentum
energy considerations in elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, and explosions
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that bodies moving along a circular trajectory at a constant speed experience an acceleration that is directed radially towards the centre of the circle—known as a centripetal acceleration as given by a = v²/r = ω²r = 4π²r/T²
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that circular motion is caused by a centripetal force acting perpendicular to the velocity
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that a centripetal force causes the body to change direction even if its magnitude of velocity may remain constant
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A.2 Forces and momentum
that the motion along a circular trajectory can be described in terms of the angular velocity ω which is related to the linear speed v by the equation as given by v = 2πr/T = ωr
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A.3 Work, energy and power
the principle of the conservation of energy
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that work done by a force is equivalent to a transfer of energy
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that energy transfers can be represented on a Sankey diagram
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that work W done on a body by a constant force depends on the component of the force along the line of displacement as given by W = Fs cos θ
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that work done by the resultant force on a system is equal to the change in the energy of the system
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that in the absence of frictional, resistive forces, the total mechanical energy of a system is conserved
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that if mechanical energy is conserved, work is the amount of energy transformed between different forms of mechanical energy in a system, such as: the kinetic energy of translational motion as given by Ek = 1/2 mv² = p²/2m
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A.3 Work, energy and power
the gravitational potential energy, when close to the surface of the Earth as given by ΔEp = mgΔh
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A.3 Work, energy and power
the elastic potential energy as given by EH = 1/2 k(Δx)²
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A.3 Work, energy and power
that power developed P is the rate of work done, or the rate of energy transfer, as given by P = ΔW/Δt = Fv
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A.3 Work, energy and power
efficiency η in terms of energy transfer or power as given by η = useful work out / total work in = useful power out / total power in
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A.3 Work, energy and power
energy density of the fuel sources
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
the torque τ of a force about an axis as given by τ = Fr sin θ
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that bodies in rotational equilibrium have a resultant torque of zero
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that an unbalanced torque applied to an extended, rigid body will cause angular acceleration
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that the rotation of a body can be described in terms of angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that equations of motion for uniform angular acceleration can be used to predict the body’s angular position θ, angular displacement Δθ, angular speed ω and angular acceleration α, as given by Δθ = (ωf + ωi)/2 t
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
ωf = ωi + αt
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
Δθ = ωi t + 1/2 α t²
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
ωf² = ωi² + 2 α Δθ
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that the moment of inertia I depends on the distribution of mass of an extended body about an axis of rotation
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
the moment of inertia for a system of point masses as given by I = Σ m r²
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
Newton’s second law for rotation as given by τ = I α where τ is the average torque
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that an extended body rotating with an angular speed has an angular momentum L as given by L = I ω
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that angular momentum remains constant unless the body is acted upon by a resultant torque
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
that the action of a resultant torque constitutes an angular impulse ΔL as given by ΔL = τ Δt = Δ(I ω)
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A.4 Rigid body mechanics
the kinetic energy of rotational motion as given by Ek = 1/2 I ω² = L² / 2 I
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
reference frames
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that Newton's laws of motion are the same in all inertial reference frames and this is known as Galilean relativity
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that in Galilean relativity the position x′ and time t′ of an event are given by x′ = x–v t and t′ = t
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that Galilean transformation equations lead to the velocity addition equation as given by u′ = u–v
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
the two postulates of special relativity
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that the postulates of special relativity lead to the Lorentz transformation equations for the coordinates of an event in two inertial reference frames as given by x′ = γ (x–v t)
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
t′ = γ (t – v x / c²) where γ = 1 / √(1 – v²/c²)
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that Lorentz transformation equations lead to the relativistic velocity addition equation as given by u′ = (u–v) / (1 – u v / c²)
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that the space–time interval Δs between two events is an invariant quantity as given by (Δs)² = (c Δt)² – (Δx)²
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
proper time interval and proper length
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
time dilation as given by Δt = γ Δt₀
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
length contraction as given by L = L₀ / γ
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
the relativity of simultaneity
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
space–time diagrams
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that the angle between the world line of a moving particle and the time axis on a space–time diagram is related to the particle’s speed as given by tan θ = v/c
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A.5 Galilean and special relativity
that muon decay experiments provide experimental evidence for time dilation and length contraction
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
molecular theory in solids, liquids and gases
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
density ρ as given by ρ = m/V
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
that Kelvin and Celsius scales are used to express temperature
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
that the change in temperature of a system is the same when expressed with the Kelvin or Celsius scales
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
that Kelvin temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles as given by Ek = 3/2 kB T
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
that the internal energy of a system is the total intermolecular potential energy arising from the forces between the molecules plus the total random kinetic energy of the molecules arising from their random motion
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
that temperature difference determines the direction of the resultant thermal energy transfer between bodies
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
that a phase change represents a change in particle behaviour arising from a change in energy at constant temperature
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
quantitative analysis of thermal energy transfers Q with the use of specific heat capacity c and specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization of substances L as given by Q = m c ΔT and Q = m L
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
that conduction, convection and thermal radiation are the primary mechanisms for thermal energy transfer
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
conduction in terms of the difference in the kinetic energy of particles
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
quantitative analysis of rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction in terms of the type of material and cross-sectional area of the material and the temperature gradient as given by ΔQ/Δt = −k A ΔT / Δx
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
qualitative description of thermal energy transferred by convection due to fluid density differences
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
quantitative analysis of energy transferred by radiation as a result of the emission of electromagnetic waves from the surface of a body, which in the case of a black body can be modelled by the Stefan-Boltzmann law as given by L = σ A T⁴ where L is the luminosity, A is the surface area and T is the absolute temperature of the body
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
the concept of apparent brightness b
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
luminosity L of a body as given by b = L / (4 π d²)
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B.1 Thermal energy transfers
the emission spectrum of a black body and the determination of the temperature of the body using Wien’s displacement law as given by λmax T = 2.9 × 10⁻³ m K where λmax is the peak wavelength emitted
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
the conservation of energy
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
emissivity as the ratio of the power radiated per unit area by a surface compared to that of an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by emissivity = power radiated per unit area / σ T⁴
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
albedo as a measure of the average energy reflected off a macroscopic system as given by albedo = total scattered power / total incident power
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
that Earth’s albedo varies daily and is dependent on cloud formations and latitude
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
the solar constant S
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
that the incoming radiative power is dependent on the projected surface of a planet along the direction of the path of the rays, resulting in a mean value of the incoming intensity being S/4
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
that methane CH₄, water vapour H₂O, carbon dioxide CO₂, and nitrous oxide N₂O, are the main greenhouse gases and each of these has origins that are both natural and created by human activity
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
the absorption of infrared radiation by the main greenhouse gases in terms of the molecular energy levels and the subsequent emission of radiation in all directions
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
that the greenhouse effect can be explained in terms of both a resonance model and molecular energy levels
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B.2 Greenhouse effect
that the augmentation of the greenhouse effect due to human activities is known as the enhanced greenhouse effect
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B.3 Gas laws
pressure as given by P = F/A where F is the force exerted perpendicular to the surface
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B.3 Gas laws
the amount of substance n as given by n = N / NA where N is the number of molecules and NA is the Avogadro constant
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B.3 Gas laws
that ideal gases are described in terms of the kinetic theory and constitute a modelled system used to approximate the behaviour of real gases
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B.3 Gas laws
that the ideal gas law equation can be derived from the empirical gas laws for constant pressure, constant volume and constant temperature as given by PV/T = constant
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B.3 Gas laws
the equations governing the behaviour of ideal gases as given by PV = N kB T and PV = n R T
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B.3 Gas laws
that the change in momentum of particles due to collisions with a given surface gives rise to pressure in gases and, from that analysis, pressure is related to the average (translational speed)² of molecules as given by P = 1/3 ρ v²
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B.3 Gas laws
the relationship between the internal energy U of an ideal monatomic gas and the number of molecules or amount of substance as given by U = 3/2 N kB T or U = 3/2 R n T
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B.3 Gas laws
the temperature, pressure and density conditions under which an ideal gas is a good approximation of a real gas
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that the first law of thermodynamics as given by Q = ΔU + W results from the application of conservation of energy to a closed system and relates the internal energy of a system to the transfer of energy as heat and as work
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that the work done by or on a closed system as given by W = P ΔV when its boundaries are changed can be described in terms of pressure and changes of volume of the system
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that the change in internal energy as given by ΔU = 3/2 N kB ΔT = 3/2 n R ΔT of a system is related to the change of its temperature
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that entropy S is a thermodynamic quantity that relates to the degree of disorder of the particles in a system
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that entropy can be determined in terms of macroscopic quantities such as thermal energy and temperature as given by ΔS = ΔQ / T and also in terms of the properties of individual particles of the system as given by S = kB ln Ω where kB is the Boltzmann constant and Ω is the number of possible microstates of the system
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that the second law of thermodynamics refers to the change in entropy of an isolated system and sets constraints on possible physical processes and on the overall evolution of the system
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that processes in real isolated systems are almost always irreversible and consequently the entropy of a real isolated system always increases
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that the entropy of a non-isolated system can decrease locally, but this is compensated by an equal or greater increase of the entropy of the surroundings
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic processes are obtained by keeping one variable fixed
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that adiabatic processes in monatomic ideal gases can be modelled by the equation as given by P V^{5/3} = constant
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that cyclic gas processes are used to run heat engines
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that a heat engine can respond to different cycles and is characterized by its efficiency as given by η = useful work / input energy
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B.4 Thermodynamics
that the Carnot cycle sets a limit for the efficiency of a heat engine at the temperatures of its heat reservoirs as given by ηCarnot = 1 – Tc / Th
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B.5 Current and circuits
that cells provide a source of emf
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B.5 Current and circuits
chemical cells and solar cells as the energy source in circuits
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B.5 Current and circuits
that circuit diagrams represent the arrangement of components in a circuit
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B.5 Current and circuits
direct current (dc) I as a flow of charge carriers as given by I = Δq / Δt
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B.5 Current and circuits
that the electric potential difference V is the work done per unit charge on moving a positive charge between two points along the path of the current as given by V = W / q
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B.5 Current and circuits
the properties of electrical conductors and insulators in terms of mobility of charge carriers
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B.5 Current and circuits
electric resistance and its origin
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B.5 Current and circuits
electrical resistance R as given by R = V / I
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B.5 Current and circuits
resistivity as given by ρ = R A / L
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B.5 Current and circuits
Ohm’s law
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B.5 Current and circuits
the ohmic and non-ohmic behaviour of electrical conductors, including the heating effect of resistors
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B.5 Current and circuits
electrical power P dissipated by a resistor as given by P = I V = I² R = V² / R
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B.5 Current and circuits
the combinations of resistors in series and parallel circuits
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B.5 Current and circuits
that electric cells are characterized by their emf ε and internal resistance r as given by ε = I (R + r)
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B.5 Current and circuits
that resistors can have variable resistance
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
conditions that lead to simple harmonic motion
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
the defining equation of simple harmonic motion as given by a = –ω² x
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
a particle undergoing simple harmonic motion can be described using time period T, frequency ƒ, angular frequency ω, amplitude, equilibrium position, and displacement
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
the time period in terms of frequency of oscillation and angular frequency as given by T = 1/ƒ = 2π/ω
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
the time period of a mass–spring system as given by T = 2π √(m/k)
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
the time period of a simple pendulum as given by T = 2π √(l/g)
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
a qualitative approach to energy changes during one cycle of an oscillation
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
that a particle undergoing simple harmonic motion can be described using phase angle
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
that problems can be solved using the equations for simple harmonic motion as given by x = x₀ sin(ω t + ϕ)
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
v = ω x₀ cos(ω t + ϕ)
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
v = ± ω √(x₀² – x²)
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
ET = 1/2 m ω² x₀²
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C.1 Simple harmonic motion
Ep = 1/2 m ω² x²
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C.2 Wave model
transverse and longitudinal travelling waves
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C.2 Wave model
wavelength λ, frequency ƒ, time period T, and wave speed v applied to wave motion as given by v = ƒ λ = λ / T
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C.2 Wave model
the nature of sound waves
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C.2 Wave model
the nature of electromagnetic waves
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C.2 Wave model
the differences between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves
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C.3 Wave phenomena
that waves travelling in two and three dimensions can be described through the concepts of wavefronts and rays
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C.3 Wave phenomena
wave behaviour at boundaries in terms of reflection, refraction and transmission
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C.3 Wave phenomena
wave diffraction around a body and through an aperture
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C.3 Wave phenomena
wavefront-ray diagrams showing refraction and diffraction
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C.3 Wave phenomena
Snell’s law, critical angle and total internal reflection
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C.3 Wave phenomena
Snell’s law as given by n₁ / n₂ = sin θ₂ / sin θ₁ = v₂ / v₁ where n is the refractive index and θ is the angle between the normal and the ray
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C.3 Wave phenomena
superposition of waves and wave pulses
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C.3 Wave phenomena
that double-source interference requires coherent sources
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C.3 Wave phenomena
the condition for constructive interference as given by path difference = n λ
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C.3 Wave phenomena
the condition for destructive interference as given by path difference = (n + 1/2) λ
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C.3 Wave phenomena
Young’s double-slit interference as given by s = λ D / d where s is the separation of fringes, d is the separation of the slits, and D is the distance from the slits to the screen
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C.3 Wave phenomena
single-slit diffraction including intensity patterns as given by θ = λ / b where b is the slit width
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C.3 Wave phenomena
that the single-slit pattern modulates the double slit interference pattern
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C.3 Wave phenomena
interference patterns from multiple slits and diffraction gratings as given by n λ = d sin θ
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C.4 Standing waves and resonance
the nature and formation of standing waves in terms of superposition of two identical waves travelling in opposite directions
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C.4 Standing waves and resonance
nodes and antinodes, relative amplitude and phase difference of points along a standing wave
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C.4 Standing waves and resonance
standing waves patterns in strings and pipes
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C.4 Standing waves and resonance
the nature of resonance including natural frequency and amplitude of oscillation based on driving frequency
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C.4 Standing waves and resonance
the effect of damping on the maximum amplitude and resonant frequency of oscillation
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C.4 Standing waves and resonance
the effects of light, critical and heavy damping on the system
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C.5 Doppler effect
the nature of the Doppler effect for sound waves and electromagnetic waves
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C.5 Doppler effect
the representation of the Doppler effect in terms of wavefront diagrams when either the source or the observer is moving
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C.5 Doppler effect
the relative change in frequency or wavelength observed for a light wave due to the Doppler effect where the speed of light is much larger than the relative speed between the source and the observer as given by Δƒ/ƒ = Δλ/λ ≈ v/c
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C.5 Doppler effect
that shifts in spectral lines provide information about the motion of bodies like stars and galaxies in space
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C.5 Doppler effect
the observed frequency for sound waves and mechanical waves due to the Doppler effect as given by: moving source ƒ′ = ƒ (v / (v ± us)) where us is the speed of the source
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C.5 Doppler effect
moving observer ƒ′ = ƒ ((v ± uo) / v) where uo is the speed of the observer
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D.1 Gravitational fields
Kepler’s three laws of orbital motion
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D.1 Gravitational fields
Newton's universal law of gravitation as given by F = G m₁ m₂ / r² for bodies treated as point masses
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D.1 Gravitational fields
conditions under which extended bodies can be treated as point masses
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D.1 Gravitational fields
that gravitational field strength g at a point is the force per unit mass experienced by a small point mass at that point as given by g = F/m = G M / r²
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D.1 Gravitational fields
gravitational field lines
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D.1 Gravitational fields
that the gravitational potential energy Ep of a system is the work done to assemble the system from infinite separation of the components of the system
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D.1 Gravitational fields
the gravitational potential energy for a two-body system as given by Ep = – G m₁ m₂ / r where r is the separation between the centre of mass of the two bodies
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D.1 Gravitational fields
that the gravitational potential Vg at a point is the work done per unit mass in bringing a mass from infinity to that point as given by Vg = – G M / r
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D.1 Gravitational fields
the gravitational field strength g as the gravitational potential gradient as given by g = – ΔVg / Δr
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D.1 Gravitational fields
the work done in moving a mass m in a gravitational field as given by W = m ΔVg
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D.1 Gravitational fields
equipotential surfaces for gravitational fields
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D.1 Gravitational fields
the relationship between equipotential surfaces and gravitational field lines
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D.1 Gravitational fields
the escape speed vesc at any point in a gravitational field as given by vesc = √(2 G M / r)
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D.1 Gravitational fields
the orbital speed vorbital of a body orbiting a large mass as given by vorbital = √(G M / r)
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D.1 Gravitational fields
the qualitative effect of a small viscous drag force due to the atmosphere on the height and speed of an orbiting body
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the direction of forces between the two types of electric charge
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
Coulomb’s law as given by F = k q₁ q₂ / r² for charged bodies treated as point charges where k = 1/(4 π ε₀)
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the conservation of electric charge
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
Millikan’s experiment as evidence for quantization of electric charge
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
that the electric charge can be transferred between bodies using friction, electrostatic induction and by contact, including the role of grounding (earthing)
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the electric field strength as given by E = F / q
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
electric field lines
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the relationship between field line density and field strength
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the uniform electric field strength between parallel plates as given by E = V / d
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
magnetic field lines
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the electric potential energy Ep in terms of work done to assemble the system from infinite separation
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the electric potential energy for a system of two charged bodies as given by Ep = k q₁ q₂ / r
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
that the electric potential is a scalar quantity with zero defined at infinity
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
that the electric potential Ve at a point is the work done per unit charge to bring a test charge from infinity to that point as given by Ve = k Q / r
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the electric field strength E as the electric potential gradient as given by E = – ΔVe / Δr
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the work done in moving a charge q in an electric field as given by W = q ΔVe
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
equipotential surfaces for electric fields
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D.2 Electric and magnetic fields
the relationship between equipotential surfaces and electric field lines
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D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields
the motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field
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D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields
the motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field
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D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields
the motion of a charged particle in perpendicularly orientated uniform electric and magnetic fields
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D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields
the magnitude and direction of the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field as given by F = q v B sin θ, where B is the magnetic field strength
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D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields
the magnitude and direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field as given by F = B Ι L sin θ
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D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields
the force per unit length between parallel wires as given by F/L = μ₀ I₁ I₂ / (2 π r) where r is the separation between the two wires
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D.4 Induction
magnetic flux Φ as given by Φ = B A cos θ
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D.4 Induction
that a time-changing magnetic flux induces an emf ε as given by Faraday’s law of induction ε = − N ΔΦ / Δt
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D.4 Induction
that a uniform magnetic field induces an emf in a straight conductor moving perpendicularly to it as given by ε = B v L
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D.4 Induction
that the direction of induced emf is determined by Lenz’s law and is a consequence of energy conservation
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D.4 Induction
that a uniform magnetic field induces a sinusoidal varying emf in a coil rotating within it
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D.4 Induction
the effect on induced emf caused by changing the frequency of rotation
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E.1 Structure of the atom
the Geiger–Marsden–Rutherford experiment and the discovery of the nucleus
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E.1 Structure of the atom
nuclear notation X_Z^A where A is the nucleon number Z is the proton number and X is the chemical symbol
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E.1 Structure of the atom
that emission and absorption spectra provide evidence for discrete atomic energy levels
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E.1 Structure of the atom
that photons are emitted and absorbed during atomic transitions
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E.1 Structure of the atom
that the frequency of the photon released during an atomic transition depends on the difference in energy level as given by E = h ƒ
Open
E.1 Structure of the atom
that emission and absorption spectra provide information on the chemical composition
Open
E.1 Structure of the atom
the relationship between the radius and the nucleon number for a nucleus as given by R = R₀ A^{1/3} and implications for nuclear densities
Open
E.1 Structure of the atom
deviations from Rutherford scattering at high energies
Open
E.1 Structure of the atom
the distance of closest approach in head-on scattering experiments
Open
E.1 Structure of the atom
the discrete energy levels in the Bohr model for hydrogen as given by E = −13.6 / n² eV
Open
E.1 Structure of the atom
that the existence of quantized energy and orbits arise from the quantization of angular momentum in the Bohr model for hydrogen as given by m v r = n h / 2π
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
the photoelectric effect as evidence of the particle nature of light
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
that photons of a certain frequency, known as the threshold frequency, are required to release photoelectrons from the metal
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
Einstein’s explanation using the work function and the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons as given by Emax = h ƒ – Φ where Φ is the work function of the metal
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
diffraction of particles as evidence of the wave nature of matter
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
that matter exhibits wave–particle duality
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
the de Broglie wavelength for particles as given by λ = h / p
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
Compton scattering of light by electrons as additional evidence of the particle nature of light
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
that photons scatter off electrons with increased wavelength
Open
E.2 Quantum physics
the shift in photon wavelength after scattering off an electron as given by λf – λi = Δλ = h / (m_e c) (1 – cos θ)
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
isotopes
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
nuclear binding energy and mass defect
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the variation of the binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the mass-energy equivalence as given by E = m c² in nuclear reactions
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the existence of the strong nuclear force, a short-range, attractive force between nucleons
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the random and spontaneous nature of radioactive decay
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the changes in the state of the nucleus following alpha, beta and gamma radioactive decay
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the radioactive decay equations involving α, β⁻, β⁺, γ
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the existence of neutrinos ν and antineutrinos ν
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the penetration and ionizing ability of alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the activity, count rate and half-life in radioactive decay
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the changes in activity and count rate during radioactive decay using integer values of half-life
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the effect of background radiation on count rate
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the evidence for the strong nuclear force
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the role of the ratio of neutrons to protons for the stability of nuclides
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the approximate constancy of binding energy curve above a nucleon number of 60
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
that the spectrum of alpha and gamma radiations provides evidence for discrete nuclear energy levels
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the continuous spectrum of beta decay as evidence for the neutrino
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the decay constant λ and the radioactive decay law as given by N = N₀ e^{-λ t}
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
that the decay constant approximates the probability of decay in unit time only in the limit of sufficiently small λ t
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the activity as the rate of decay as given by A = λ N = λ N₀ e^{-λ t}
Open
E.3 Radioactive decay
the relationship between half-life and the decay constant as given by T_{1/2} = ln 2 / λ
Open
E.4 Fission
that energy is released in spontaneous and neutron-induced fission
Open
E.4 Fission
the role of chain reactions in nuclear fission reactions
Open
E.4 Fission
the role of control rods, moderators, heat exchangers and shielding in a nuclear power plant
Open
E.4 Fission
the properties of the products of nuclear fission and their management
Open
E.5 Fusion and stars
that the stability of stars relies on an equilibrium between outward thermal or radiation pressure and inward pressure due to gravitational forces
Open
E.5 Fusion and stars
that fusion is a source of energy in stars
Open
E.5 Fusion and stars
the conditions leading to fusion in stars in terms of density and temperature
Open
E.5 Fusion and stars
the effect of stellar mass on the evolution of a star
Open
E.5 Fusion and stars
the main regions of the Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagram and how to describe the main properties of stars in these regions
Open
E.5 Fusion and stars
the use of stellar parallax as a method to determine the distance d to celestial bodies as given by d(parsec) = 1 / p(arc-second)
Open
E.5 Fusion and stars
how to determine stellar radii
Open
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Table 3
Name
Column 2
Column 3
Notes
​
Open
Sub-sub-topic
Open
A1.1.1—Water as the medium for life
Open
A1.1.2—Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water
Open
A1.1.3—Substances can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Open
A1.1.4—Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane
Open
A1.1.5—Use of water as a coolant in sweat
Open
A1.1.6—Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water
Open
A1.2.1—Cells as the basic structural unit of life
Open
A1.2.2—Cellular organisms versus acellular viruses
Open
A1.2.3—Organisms consist of one or more cells
Open
A1.2.4—Surface area to volume ratios affect the rate of exchange of materials with the environment
Open
A1.2.5—Multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions
Open
A1.2.6—Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and can differentiate along different pathways
Open
A1.2.7—Packing of DNA into chromosomes allows the efficient division of genetic material in nuclear division
Open
A1.2.8—Gene sequences in DNA are conserved between species
Open
A1.2.9—Differences in gene sequences give rise to genotypic and phenotypic differences between species
Open
A1.2.10—Diversity of chromosome number in different species
Open
A1.2.11—Diversity of eukaryotic genomes in terms of size and in the number of genes
Open
A1.2.12—Diversity of genome size in different species
Open
A2.1.1—Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Open
A2.1.2—Origin of prokaryotic cells
Open
A2.1.3—Cell differentiation as the process for developing specialized tissues in multicellular organisms
Open
A2.1.4—Evolution of multicellularity allowed cell specialization and cell replacement
Open
A2.1.5—Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Open
A2.1.6—Cell division allows for asexual reproduction
Open
A2.1.7—Cell division for growth, cell replacement and tissue repair
Open
A2.1.8—Requirement of cellular communication for coordination of cellular activities in multicellular organisms
Open
A2.1.9—Cell communication by messenger molecules that bind to receptor proteins
Open
A2.1.10—Insulin as an example of cellular communication
Open
A2.1.11—Response to insulin in sufferers of diabetes
Open
A2.2.1—Cells as the smallest unit of self-sustaining life
Open
A2.2.2—Features that distinguish eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells
Open
A2.2.3—Features that are common to all cells
Open
A2.2.4—Diversity of prokaryotic cells
Open
A2.2.5—Diversity of eukaryotic cells
Open
A2.2.6—Evolution of multicellularity
Open
A2.2.7—Evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Open
A3.1.1—Classification as a method to organize biodiversity
Open
A3.1.2—Natural classification systems reflect evolutionary relatedness
Open
A3.1.3—Definition of a species
Open
A3.1.4—Binomial system for naming organisms
Open
A3.1.5—Identification of species using dichotomous keys
Open
A3.1.6—Difficulties distinguishing different species
Open
A3.1.7—Diversity in plant structures for reproduction
Open
A3.1.8—Diversity in animal structures for reproduction
Open
A3.1.9—Diversity in reproductive strategies
Open
A3.2.1—Adaptations as characteristics that increase chances of survival and reproduction
Open
A3.2.2—Adaptations are inherited
Open
A3.2.3—Adaptations are the outcome of evolution
Open
A3.2.4—Adaptations to extreme environments
Open
A3.2.5—Adaptations of Galapagos fauna
Open
A3.2.6—Convergent evolution
Open
A4.1.1—Evolution as change in the heritable characteristics of a population
Open
A4.1.2—Evidence for evolution
Open
A4.1.3—Variation as a characteristic of populations
Open
A4.1.4—Reproduction as the source of variation in populations
Open
A4.1.5—Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
Open
A4.1.6—Speciation
Open
A4.2.1—Communities as groups of interdependent populations
Open
A4.2.2—Interactions between species in a community
Open
A4.2.3—Chi-squared test for association between two species
Open
A4.2.4—Energy flow through ecosystems
Open
A4.2.5—Ecosystems require an energy source
Open
A4.2.6—Nutrient cycling in ecosystems
Open
A4.2.7—Sustainability of ecosystems
Open
A4.2.8—Human impacts on ecosystem sustainability
Open
B1.1.1—Carbohydrates as energy storage molecules
Open
B1.1.2—Lipids as energy storage molecules
Open
B1.1.3—Diversity of lipids
Open
B1.1.4—Cause and consequences of lactose intolerance
Open
B1.1.5—Proteins as functional molecules
Open
B1.1.6—Factors affecting enzyme activity
Open
B1.1.7—Rubisco as an example of the relationship between protein structure and function
Open
B1.1.8—Protein identification
Open
B1.2.1—DNA as a store of biological information
Open
B1.2.2—Diversity in DNA sequences
Open
B1.2.3—Mutations as a source of genetic variation
Open
B1.2.4—Stability of DNA
Open
B1.2.5—Gene expression
Open
B1.2.6—Control of gene expression
Open
B1.2.7—Karyotypes
Open
B1.2.8—Genome size and chromosome number
Open
B2.1.1—Photosynthesis as a process of conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Open
B2.1.2—Absorption and action spectra
Open
B2.1.3—Separation of pigments by chromatography
Open
B2.1.4—Light-dependent reactions
Open
B2.1.5—Light-independent reactions
Open
B2.1.6—Adaptations for photosynthesis
Open
B2.1.7—Interdependence of photosynthesis and respiration
Open
B2.2.1—Cellular respiration as a system for producing ATP in cells
Open
B2.2.2—Transfer of chemical energy to ATP
Open
B2.2.3—Generation of ATP in glycolysis
Open
B2.2.4—Generation of ATP by anaerobic cell respiration
Open
B2.2.5—Generation of ATP by aerobic cell respiration
Open
B2.2.6—Adaptations for respiration
Open
B2.2.7—Use of respirometers
Open
B3.1.1—Gas exchange in animals
Open
B3.1.2—Gas exchange in plants
Open
B3.1.3—Adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange
Open
B3.1.4—Ventilation
Open
B3.1.5—Adaptations of xerophytes
Open
B3.1.6—Measurement of transpiration rates
Open
B3.2.1—Transport systems in animals
Open
B3.2.2—Transport systems in plants
Open
B3.2.3—Structure of xylem
Open
B3.2.4—Movement of water in plants
Open
B3.2.5—Structure of phloem
Open
B3.2.6—Movement of phloem sap
Open
B3.2.7—Adaptations of plant transport systems
Open
B3.2.8—Structure and function of heart and blood vessels
Open
B3.2.9—Adaptations of red blood cells and blood vessels to transport function
Open
B4.1.1—Adaptations for osmoregulation
Open
B4.1.2—Adaptations for excretion
Open
B4.1.3—Structure and function of the kidney
Open
B4.1.4—Proximal convoluted tubule
Open
B4.1.5—Loop of Henle
Open
B4.1.6—Control of water content
Open
B4.1.7—Kidney dialysis
Open
B4.2.1—Causes of non-infectious diseases
Open
B4.2.2—Causes of infectious diseases
Open
B4.2.3—Injury
Open
B4.2.4—Physiological responses to drugs
Open
B4.2.5—Use of drugs in medicine
Open
B4.2.6—Vaccination
Open
C1.1.1—Molecular interactions in cells
Open
C1.1.2—Role of hydrogen bonds in biomolecules
Open
C1.1.3—Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
Open
C1.1.4—Polysaccharides
Open
C1.1.5—Polypeptides
Open
C1.1.6—Complementarity in enzymes and substrates
Open
C1.1.7—Immobilization of enzymes
Open
C1.2.1—Nucleotides
Open
C1.2.2—DNA structure
Open
C1.2.3—Transcription
Open
C1.2.4—Translation
Open
C1.2.5—Protein structure
Open
C1.2.6—Protein function
Open
C1.2.7—Proteomics
Open
C2.1.1—Movement across membranes
Open
C2.1.2—Water movement by osmosis
Open
C2.1.3—Estimation of osmolarity
Open
C2.1.4—Active transport
Open
C2.1.5—Endocytosis and exocytosis
Open
C2.1.6—Membrane fluidity
Open
C2.1.7—Communication across membranes
Open
C2.2.1—Cell cycle
Open
C2.2.2—Mitosis
Open
C2.2.3—Cytokinesis
Open
C2.2.4—Control of the cell cycle
Open
C2.2.5—Oncogenes
Open
C2.2.6—Stem cells
Open
C2.2.7—Cell differentiation
Open
C3.1.1—Integration of body systems
Open
C3.1.2—Nervous system
Open
C3.1.3—Endocrine system
Open
C3.1.4—Feedback control loops
Open
C3.1.5—Control of blood glucose
Open
C3.1.6—Control of body temperature
Open
C3.1.7—Control of breathing
Open
C3.2.1—Defence against pathogens
Open
C3.2.2—Barriers to infection
Open
C3.2.3—Blood clotting
Open
C3.2.4—Immune response
Open
C3.2.5—Antibodies
Open
C3.2.6—Immunity
Open
C3.2.7—Allergies
Open
C4.1.1—Biodiversity
Open
C4.1.2—Measuring biodiversity
Open
C4.1.3—Protected areas
Open
C4.1.4—Biogeographic factors in conservation
Open
C4.1.5—Population growth
Open
C4.1.6—Human impacts on biodiversity
Open
C4.1.7—Conservation strategies
Open
C4.2.1—Populations
Open
C4.2.2—Population size
Open
C4.2.3—Population regulation
Open
C4.2.4—Population interactions
Open
C4.2.5—Conservation of populations
Open
D1.1.1—DNA as genetic material
Open
D1.1.2—DNA replication
Open
D1.1.3—Polymerase chain reaction
Open
D1.1.4—DNA sequencing
Open
D1.1.5—Gel electrophoresis
Open
D1.1.6—DNA profiling
Open
D1.2.1—Gene expression
Open
D1.2.2—Transcription
Open
D1.2.3—Translation
Open
D1.2.4—Protein folding
Open
D1.2.5—Control of gene expression
Open
D1.2.6—Epigenetics
Open
D2.1.1—Metabolism
Open
D2.1.2—Anabolism and catabolism
Open
D2.1.3—Enzyme regulation
Open
D2.1.4—Metabolic pathways
Open
D2.1.5—Feedback inhibition
Open
D2.1.6—Metabolic disorders
Open
D2.2.1—Cell signalling
Open
D2.2.2—Signal transduction
Open
D2.2.3—Hormones
Open
D2.2.4—Neurotransmitters
Open
D2.2.5—Regulation of cell processes
Open
D3.1.1—Mutations
Open
D3.1.2—Consequences of mutations
Open
D3.1.3—Mutagens
Open
D3.1.4—Gene editing
Open
D3.1.5—CRISPR-Cas9
Open
D3.1.6—Applications of gene editing
Open
D3.2.1—Reproduction
Open
D3.2.2—Gamete production
Open
D3.2.3—Fertilization
Open
D3.2.4—Embryonic development
Open
D3.2.5—Gestation
Open
D3.2.6—Reproductive technologies
Open
D4.1.1—Adaptation to environment
Open
D4.1.2—Physiological adaptations
Open
D4.1.3—Behavioural adaptations
Open
D4.1.4—Ecological niches
Open
D4.1.5—Climate change impacts
Open
D4.1.6—Adaptation to climate change
Open
D4.2.1—Water cycle
Open
D4.2.2—Carbon cycle
Open
D4.2.3—Nitrogen cycle
Open
D4.2.4—Human impacts on cycles
Open
D4.2.5—Pollution
Open
D4.2.6—Environmental protection strategies
Open
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