Topics · Untitled doc

15.16P — Upthrust equals weight of fluid displaced (Archimedes’ principle) (Physics only)

Recall that upthrust equals the weight of the displaced fluid.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.8P — Pressure in a fluid includes fluid and atmospheric pressure (Physics only)

Describe pressure in fluids and the contribution of atmospheric pressure.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.11P — P = F ÷ A (Physics only)

Use pressure (Pa) = force normal to surface (N) ÷ area (m^2).

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.17P — Float or sink depends on upthrust, weight, and fluid density (Physics only)

Explain conditions for floating or sinking based on forces and densities.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.3 — F = k x (linear elastic region)

Use force on a spring = spring constant × extension in the linear region.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.14P — P = h ρ g in liquids; differences in pressure with depth (Physics only)

Use pressure due to a column of liquid P = h ρ g to calculate pressure differences.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.1 — Stretching, bending, compressing require more than one force

Explain that deforming an object requires more than one force acting on it.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.9P — Pressure in fluids causes a normal force (Physics only)

Recall that fluid pressure exerts a force normal to surfaces.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.5 — Linear vs non-linear force–extension relationships

Describe how the relationship can deviate from linear and what that implies.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.6 — Core Practical: extension and work done for a spring

Investigate extension vs load and calculate work done for a spring.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.2 — Elastic vs inelastic distortion

Describe the difference between elastic and inelastic distortion.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.4 — E = 1/2 k x² (work done in stretching)

Calculate energy transferred in stretching a spring using E = 1/2 k x^2.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.13P — Explain why liquid pressure varies with density and depth (Physics only)

Explain the dependence of pressure on density and depth.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.10P — Pressure related to force and area (Physics only)

Explain qualitatively how pressure depends on force and area.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.15P — Upthrust equals weight of displaced fluid (Physics only)

Explain upthrust on objects fully or partially immersed; relate to buoyancy.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.12P — Pressure in liquids increases with depth and density (Physics only)

Describe qualitatively how liquid pressure varies with depth and density.

@27 September 2025 21:20

15.7P — Atmospheric pressure varies with height (Physics only)

Explain why atmospheric pressure changes with height using a simple model of the atmosphere.

@27 September 2025 21:20

14.18P — Volume change at constant T affects collision rate and pressure (Physics only)

Explain how reducing volume increases collision rate and pressure for fixed mass at constant temperature.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.20P — Doing work on a gas increases temperature (e.g., bicycle pump) (Physics only)

Explain temperature increase when work is done on a gas.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.14 — Absolute zero (−273 °C): no particle motion

Describe absolute zero in terms of particle motion.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.16P — Compressing/expanding gases by pressure changes (Physics only)

Explain that gases can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.19P — P1 V1 = P2 V2 (fixed mass, constant T) (Physics only)

Use Boyle’s law to calculate pressure or volume for gases at constant temperature.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.12 — Gas pressure explained by particle motion

Explain gas pressure in terms of particle collisions with container walls.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.11 — Core Practical: specific heat capacity of water; melting ice graph

Determine SHC of water using electrical heating and a joulemeter. Obtain temperature–time graph for melting ice.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.17P — Gas pressure causes a force normal to surfaces (Physics only)

Recall that gas pressure exerts a normal force on surfaces.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.13 — Temperature increase raises particle speed and pressure at constant volume (qualitative)

Explain effect of temperature on particle velocity and gas pressure at fixed volume (qualitative).

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.15 — Convert between kelvin and Celsius scales

Convert temperatures between K and °C.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.4 — Explain density differences via particle arrangements

Explain why densities differ across states due to spacing and arrangement.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.2 — ρ = m ÷ V

Use density = mass ÷ volume with SI units.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.6 — Heating changes internal energy, temperature or state

Explain heating effects on internal energy and state changes.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.1 — Kinetic theory model for states of matter

Use a simple kinetic theory model to explain solids, liquids and gases.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.3 — Core Practical: densities of solids and liquids

Measure mass and volume to determine densities; use displacement for irregular solids.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.10 — Reduce unwanted energy transfer via thermal insulation

Explain methods of thermal insulation to reduce heat loss.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.7 — Define specific heat capacity and specific latent heat

Define SHC and SLH and distinguish between them.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.9 — Q = m L

Use thermal energy for change of state = mass × specific latent heat.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.5 — Mass conserved in melting/boiling/condensing/subliming

Describe mass conservation in physical changes and recovery of properties on reversal.

@27 September 2025 21:19

14.8 — ΔQ = m c Δθ

Use change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change.

@27 September 2025 21:19

13.5 — Induction between circuits in a transformer (Higher)

Explain how a changing current in one coil induces a current in a second coil.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.6 — Transformers change size of a.c. voltage (Higher)

Recall that transformers step voltages up or down for a.c.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.8 — National grid uses high voltages to reduce losses

Explain why power is transmitted at high voltage and then stepped down.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.4P — Microphones, loudspeakers and headphones: pressure variations ↔ current variations (Physics only)

Explain transduction between sound pressure and electrical current in microphones and the reverse in speakers/headphones.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.10 — For 100% efficient transformers VpIp = VsIs

Use the power equality for ideal transformers.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.2 — Factors affecting size and direction of induced p.d.; Lenz’s law idea (Higher)

Recall factors that affect induced p.d. and that the magnetic field produced opposes the change.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.11P — Advantages of high-voltage transmission using 10.29, 10.31, 13.7P, 13.10 (Physics only)

Explain benefits of transmitting power at high voltage using the relevant equations.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.9 — Step-up and step-down transformers in the grid

Explain where and why step-up and step-down transformers are used.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.7P — Transformer turns ratio Vp/Vs = Np/Ns (Physics only)

Use transformer equation to find missing voltage or turns.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.1P — Produce current by relative motion of magnet and conductor (lab and large-scale) (Physics only)

Explain generating current by moving a magnet relative to a conductor in lab and in power generation.

@27 September 2025 21:18

13.3P — Alternators generate a.c.; dynamos generate d.c. (Physics only)

Explain how alternators and dynamos work and the type of current produced.

@27 September 2025 21:18

12.14P — Force on a conductor used to cause rotation in motors (Physics only)

Explain how the motor effect produces rotation in an electric motor.

@27 September 2025 21:18

12.12 — Fleming’s left-hand rule for mutually perpendicular F, I, B (Higher)

Recall and use Fleming’s left-hand rule.

@27 September 2025 21:18

12.13 — F = B I l (Higher)

Use F = B I l for conductor at right angles to field.

@27 September 2025 21:18

12.11 — Magnetic forces are due to interactions between fields (Higher)

Explain magnetic forces in terms of interacting fields.

@27 September 2025 21:18

12.8 — Field strength depends on current and distance

Qualitative relation of B with I and distance.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.2 — Permanent vs temporary magnetic materials (cobalt, steel, iron, nickel)

Describe materials and their typical magnetic behavior.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.3 — Permanent vs induced magnets

Explain difference and examples.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.10 — Current-carrying conductor near a magnet experiences a force (3rd law pair) (Higher)

Recall and explain force on conductor and equal opposite on magnet.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.4 — Field shape and direction for bar magnets and uniform fields

Describe and sketch magnetic field lines; relate density to strength.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.5 — Plotting compasses show fields of magnets and of Earth

Describe use of a plotting compass to map fields.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.1 — Unlike poles attract; like poles repel

Recall basic magnetic interactions.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.7 — Current in a straight conductor creates a magnetic field; shape and direction

Describe field around straight wire and right-hand rule.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.9 — Solenoid fields: strong uniform field inside, weak outside

Explain superposition of coil fields and electromagnets.

@27 September 2025 21:14

12.6 — Earth’s core is magnetic: compass behaviour as evidence

Explain compass alignment with Earth’s field.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.9P — Field lines: shape and direction around point charge and between plates (Physics only)

Describe and sketch electric field patterns.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.8P — Electric field: region where charge experiences a force (Physics only)

Define electric field conceptually.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.6P — Uses of electrostatic charges (e.g., insecticide sprayers) (Physics only)

Explain applications of static electricity.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.5P — Earthing removes excess charge via electron movement (Physics only)

Explain earthing as a safety measure.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.42 — Power ratings vs energy changes in use

Relate appliance power ratings to energy changes during operation.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.1P — Charging insulators by friction (electron transfer) (Physics only)

Explain charging by friction via transfer of electrons.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.7P — Dangers of sparking; earthing for safety (Physics only)

Explain hazards at fuel stations and need for earthing.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.3P — Like charges repel; unlike attract (Physics only)

Recall basic electrostatic interactions.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.4P — Electrostatic phenomena: shocks, lightning, induction (Physics only)

Explain common electrostatic effects and induction attraction.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.10P — Use electric field concept to explain static phenomena (Physics only)

Explain static effects using field ideas.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.41 — Danger of any connection between live and earth

Explain why connecting live to earth is dangerous.

@27 September 2025 21:14

11.2P — Material gaining electrons is negative; losing becomes positive (Physics only)

Explain sign of charge after frictional charging.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.31 — P = I V and P = I² R

Use electrical power equations to solve problems.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.32 — Energy transfer in domestic devices (batteries and a.c. mains)

Describe how devices transfer energy from supply to motors and heaters.

10.32 — Energy transfer in domestic devices (batteries and a.c. mains)

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.34 — Cells and batteries supply d.c.

Recall that cells and batteries provide direct current.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.37 — Live vs neutral functions

Explain roles of live and neutral wires.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.35 — Alternating current changes direction

Recall definition of a.c. current.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.39 — Switches and fuses in the live wire

Explain why protective devices and switches must be in the live wire.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.33 — Difference between direct and alternating voltage

Explain d.c. vs a.c. voltages qualitatively; recognise waveforms.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.38 — Earth wire, fuses, circuit breakers ensure safety

Explain purpose of protective devices and earthing.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.36 — UK mains: a.c. 50 Hz, about 230 V

Recall frequency and voltage of UK domestic supply.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.40 — Potential differences of live, neutral, earth

Recall the nominal p.d. relative to earth for each conductor.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.23 — Electrical energy dissipated as thermal energy

Explain dissipation when current does work against resistance.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.24 — Microscopic explanation: electron–ion collisions

Explain heating due to electron collisions with lattice ions.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.21 — Explore resistance variation: lamp, diode, thermistor, LDR

Explain using test circuits to investigate resistance changes for components.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.27 — E = I V t

Use energy transferred = current × potential difference × time.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.30 — Power transfer related to p.d. and current

Explain relation of power to V and I for circuit devices.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.26 — Pros and cons of the heating effect

Describe advantages and disadvantages of resistive heating.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.22 — Heating effect of current in a resistor

Recall energy transfer as heating when current flows through resistance.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.28 — Power is energy per second; measured in watts

Define power and its unit.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.29 — P = E ÷ t

Use P = E / t to calculate power.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.25 — Reduce unwanted energy transfer with low-resistance wires

Explain ways to reduce heating losses in circuits.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.13 — V = I R

Use potential difference = current × resistance.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.18 — I–V curves: filament lamp, diode, fixed resistor

Describe and interpret current–potential difference characteristics.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.20 — Thermistor resistance vs temperature (NTC)

Describe how a thermistor’s resistance changes with temperature.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.15 — Calculate I, V, R in series circuits

Apply series rules and Ohm’s law to solve for circuit quantities.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.12 — Changing resistance changes current; variable resistor

Explain qualitatively how changing resistance affects current; use of rheostat.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.11 — Current conserved at a junction

Recall conservation of current at a junction.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.16 — Design and construction of series circuits

Explain design considerations and measurement in series circuits.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.19 — LDR resistance vs light intensity

Describe how an LDR’s resistance changes with light.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.17 — Core Practical: V–I characteristics and series vs parallel

Investigate V–I for resistor and filament lamp; test series and parallel circuits.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.14 — Net resistance increases in series; decreases in parallel

Explain effect of combining resistors in series and parallel.

@27 September 2025 21:14

10.8 — Current is rate of flow of charge; electrons carry current in metals

Define current and electron flow in metallic conductors.

@27 September 2025 21:13

9.11 — Current is conserved at a junction

Recall that current is conserved at a junction in a circuit.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.7 — Ammeter in series measures current

Recall ammeter connection and what it measures.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.2 — Circuit diagrams and symbols incl. cells, meters, resistors, diodes, thermistors, LDRs, LEDs

Draw and use conventional circuit symbols and indicate polarity.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.1 — Atomic structure: position, mass, charge of p, n, e

Describe positions, relative masses and charges of protons, neutrons and electrons.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.4 — Voltmeter in parallel measures potential difference

Explain voltmeter connection and what it measures.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.5 — Potential difference is energy per unit charge (V = J/C)

Explain definition of potential difference.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.3 — Series vs parallel circuits

Describe differences in current and potential difference distributions.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.10 — Closed circuit with source produces current

Describe conditions for current flow.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.9 — Q = I t

Use charge = current × time with SI units.

@27 September 2025 21:13

10.6 — E = Q V

Use energy transferred = charge moved × potential difference.

@27 September 2025 21:13

8.8 — ΔGPE = m g Δh

Use gravitational potential energy change equation.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.7 — Calculate energy changes when work is done by forces

Describe and calculate energy changes due to mechanical work.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.2 — Vector vs scalar quantities with examples

Explain differences and give examples.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.8P — Principle of moments in rotational equilibrium (Physics only)

Sum of clockwise moments equals sum of anticlockwise moments.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.9 — KE = 1/2 m v²

Use kinetic energy equation.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.13 — P = E ÷ t

Use power equation to solve problems.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.1 — Energy stores and changes when systems change

Describe the changes in energy stores when systems change due to forces, electrical work or heating.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.6 — E = F d (work done)

Use work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved along line of action (m).

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.6P — Situations where forces cause rotation (Physics only)

Describe rotational effects of forces.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.9P — Levers and gears transmit rotational effects (Physics only)

Explain mechanical advantage via levers and gears.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.1 — Interactions: at a distance fields; contact forces; vector pairs

Describe gravitational, electrostatic, magnetic fields; normal contact and friction; pairs of forces as vectors.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.3 — Vector diagrams: resolution, net force, equilibrium (Higher)

Use scale diagrams for resultants and equilibrium.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.7P — Moment = F × d (normal distance) (Physics only)

Use moment of a force equation.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.14 — One watt = one joule per second

Recall unit definition for power.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.3 — Closed systems: no net change in total energy

Explain conservation of energy in closed systems.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.12 — Power as rate of energy transfer

Define power as energy transferred per unit time.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.10 — Energy dissipated in less useful ways

Explain dissipation in system changes to less useful stores.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.4 — Ways energy of a system can change

Identify energy changes by forces, in electrical equipment, and by heating.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.5 — Explain forces on isolated objects; resultant zero as special case (Higher)

Explain resultant and balanced cases using diagrams.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.4 — Free body force diagrams (Higher)

Draw and use free body diagrams.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.2 — Represent energy transfers with diagrams

Draw and interpret energy transfer diagrams.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.5 — Measure work done; energy transferred = work done

Describe measuring work and the equivalence of energy transferred and work done.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.11 — Mechanical processes become wasteful via heating

Explain unwanted energy transfer to thermal stores.

@27 September 2025 21:12

9.10 — Reduce unwanted energy transfer with lubrication

Explain lubrication to reduce frictional heating.

@27 September 2025 21:12

8.15 — Efficiency = useful energy out ÷ total energy in

Calculate efficiency from energies or powers.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.18P — Evolution of massive stars (Physics only)

Describe stages for stars with mass larger than the Sun.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.10P — Big Bang is currently accepted model (Physics only)

Recall that Big Bang is accepted due to weight of evidence.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.11P — Doppler effect: moving sources change observed f and λ (Physics only)

Describe change in observed frequency and wavelength when source moves relative to observer.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.16P — Life cycle of Sun-like stars: nebula → main sequence → red giant → white dwarf (Physics only)

Describe stages for stars of similar mass to the Sun.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.12P — Red-shift vs distance for galaxies (Physics only)

Describe the red-shift observed from galaxies at different distances.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.9P — Evidence for Big Bang: red-shift and CMB (Physics only)

Describe red-shift of distant galaxies and the cosmic microwave background as evidence.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.15P — CMB discovery led to acceptance of Big Bang (Physics only)

Explain role of CMB in model acceptance.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.8P — Steady State vs Big Bang theories (Physics only)

Compare Steady State and Big Bang theories of the Universe.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.17P — Balance of thermal expansion and gravity in star evolution (Physics only)

Explain how equilibrium between pressure and gravity affects stages.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.19P — Observing the Universe: changing methods and space telescopes (Physics only)

Describe developments in observation methods and why some telescopes are in space.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.13P — Red-shift as evidence Universe is expanding (Physics only)

Explain why red-shift indicates expansion of the Universe.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.14P — How Steady State and Big Bang both explain red-shift (Physics only)

Explain red-shift interpretation in both models.

@27 September 2025 21:12

7.7P — Stable orbit radius must change if orbital speed changes (Physics only)

Explain relation between orbital speed and radius for stability.

@27 September 2025 21:11

7.5P — Orbits of moons, planets, comets, artificial satellites (Physics only)

Describe orbital shapes and characteristics.

@27 September 2025 21:11

7.4P — Changing models of the Solar System (Physics only)

Describe historical changes in understanding of the Solar System.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.46P — Practical and economic challenges of fusion power (Physics only)

Relate fusion conditions to engineering and economic difficulty.

@27 September 2025 21:11

7.6P — Gravity causes changing velocity in circular orbits (Physics only)

Explain changing velocity with constant speed in circular orbits.

@27 September 2025 21:11

7.2P — Solar System: star, planets, natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets (Physics only)

Recall components of the Solar System.

@27 September 2025 21:11

7.3P — Names and order of the eight planets (Physics only)

Recall names and order by distance from the Sun.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.45P — Fusion requires high T and p due to electrostatic repulsion (Physics only)

Explain why fusion does not happen at low temperatures and pressures.

@27 September 2025 21:11

7.1P — Weight and g differ on Earth vs other bodies (Physics only)

Explain differences in weight and g on different celestial bodies.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.37P — Nuclear reactions as energy sources (fission, fusion, decay) (Physics only)

Recall that fission, fusion and radioactive decay can release energy.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.40P — Reactor control: moderators and control rods (Physics only)

Explain roles of moderators and control rods in reactors.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.44P — Difference between fusion and fission (Physics only)

Explain differences between fusion and fission.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.43P — Nuclear fusion as energy source for stars; mass loss and energy (Physics only)

Describe fusion and its role in stars; mass-energy relation.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.39P — Controlled nuclear chain reaction (Physics only)

Explain the principle of a controlled chain reaction.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.36P — Nuclear power: advantages and disadvantages (Physics only)

Evaluate nuclear power for electricity generation: CO2, risks, waste, perception, safety.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.35P — PET isotopes must be produced nearby (Physics only)

Explain why short half-life isotopes for PET must be produced near the point of use.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.38P — Fission of U-235: daughter nuclei, neutrons, energy (Physics only)

Explain U-235 fission products, emitted neutrons and energy release.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.41P — Using thermal energy from fission to generate electricity (Physics only)

Describe how thermal energy drives turbines in power stations.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.42P — Fission products are radioactive (Physics only)

Recall that fission products are radioactive.

@27 September 2025 21:11

6.32 — Contamination vs irradiation; compare hazards

Describe and compare contamination and irradiation and their hazards.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.27 — Calculate decays using half-life (including graphs)

Use half-life to calculate activity or nuclei remaining; interpret decay graphs.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.30P — Danger vs half-life and related precautions (Physics only)

Explain how half-life affects hazards and the resulting controls.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.31 — Limiting dose for patients and risks to personnel

Explain precautions to ensure safety when exposed to radiation in medical contexts.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.25 — Half-life definition

Define half-life as time for activity or number of undecayed nuclei to reduce by half.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.28P — Uses of radioactivity: alarms, food irradiation, sterilisation, tracing, gauging, cancer treatment (Physics only)

Describe common applications of radioactivity in industry and medicine.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.29 — Dangers of ionising radiation and precautions

Describe tissue damage and mutations; relate to required precautions.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.26 — Random decay and predictability via half-life

Explain that individual decays are unpredictable but the half-life allows prediction over large numbers.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.33P — Treating tumours: internal vs external radiation (Physics only)

Compare and contrast internal and external radiotherapy.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.34P — Radioactive substances in medical diagnosis (PET, tracers) (Physics only)

Explain diagnostic uses including PET scanners and tracers.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.9 — Positive ions form by losing outer electrons

Explain ion formation by electron loss.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.23 — Activity decreases over time

Describe exponential decrease in activity; link to half-life.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.11 — α, β−, β+, γ are ionising radiations

Recall ionising nature of these radiations.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.16 — Compare α, β, γ penetrating and ionising abilities

Compare penetration and ionisation.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.14 — Measuring radioactivity: film and GM tube

Describe methods for measuring and detecting radioactivity.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.10 — Random nuclear emission: α, β−, β+, γ, neutron

Recall types of nuclear radiation and that emission is random.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.20 — Effects of α, β, γ, neutron emission on Z and A

Explain changes to atomic and mass numbers during decays.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.24 — Unit of activity: Becquerel (Bq)

Recall the unit of activity.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.21 — Nuclear rearrangement and γ emission after decay

Recall gamma emission after decay due to nuclear rearrangement.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.22 — Balance nuclear equations for mass and charge

Use given data to balance nuclear equations.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.15 — α ≡ He nucleus; β ≡ electron; γ ≡ EM radiation

Recall identities of alpha, beta and gamma radiations.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.17 — Model evolution: plum pudding → Rutherford → Bohr

Describe changes in atomic model over time.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.7 — Electrons orbit at set distances

Recall electrons occupy discrete orbits (shells).

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.5 — Relative masses and charges of p, n, e, positron

Recall relative masses and electric charges of protons, neutrons, electrons and positrons.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.13 — Origins of background radiation (Earth and space)

Describe terrestrial and cosmic sources.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.19 — β+ decay process (p → n + e+)

Describe beta plus decay with particle changes.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.12 — Background radiation: meaning

Define background radiation.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.18 — β− decay process (n → p + e−)

Describe beta minus decay with particle changes.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.8 — Electron orbits change with absorption/emission of EM radiation

Explain orbital changes when EM radiation is absorbed or emitted.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.6 — Neutral atoms: protons = electrons

Recall that in an atom the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

@27 September 2025 21:10

6.4 — Nuclei have characteristic charge; isotopes differ by neutrons

Recall nucleus charge defines element; isotopes vary by neutron number.

@27 September 2025 21:09

6.2 — Typical sizes of atoms and small molecules

Recall orders of magnitude for atomic and molecular sizes.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.17P — Temperature change when absorbed ≠ emitted power (Physics only)

Explain what happens to a body if average radiated power is less or more than average absorbed power.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.19P — Core Practical: surfaces and thermal radiation (Physics only)

Investigate how surface nature affects thermal energy radiated or absorbed.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.21 — Harmful effects of EM radiation on people

Microwaves: internal heating. IR: burns. UV: skin and eye damage. X/γ: mutation or cell damage.

@27 September 2025 21:09

6.3 — Isotope notation (Z, A), nuclide symbols

Describe isotope structure using atomic number Z and mass number A; use nuclide symbols.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.23 — Radio waves and oscillations in electrical circuits

Recall radio waves can be produced by, or induce, oscillations in circuits.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.24 — Atomic and nuclear changes generate/absorb radiation

Recall changes in atoms and nuclei generate radiations over wide frequencies and can be caused by absorption.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.18P — Earth’s temperature balance: incoming vs emitted radiation (Physics only)

Explain factors affecting Earth’s temperature via radiation balance.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.22 — Uses of EM radiation across the spectrum

List common applications for radio, microwave, IR, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma.

@27 September 2025 21:09

6.1 — Atomic model overview: nucleus and electrons

Describe atoms as a small positively charged nucleus with orbiting electrons; most mass in nucleus.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.20 — Potential danger increases with frequency

Recall that hazard generally increases with higher frequency EM radiation.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.10 — Main groupings of EM spectrum in order

Recall radio → microwaves → infrared → visible → ultraviolet → X-rays → gamma; include visible colours.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.8 — EM waves transfer energy from source to observer

Explain that electromagnetic waves transfer energy from source to receiver.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.9 — Core Practical: Refraction in rectangular glass blocks

Investigate refraction using a rectangular glass block and ray box.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.13 — Material interactions vary with wavelength

Recall that absorption, transmission, refraction and reflection depend on wavelength.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.7 — EM waves are transverse and travel same speed in vacuum

Recall that all electromagnetic waves are transverse and travel at c in vacuum.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.15P — Black body radiation and temperature dependence (Physics only)

Explain that all bodies emit radiation; intensity and wavelength distribution depend on temperature.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.11 — EM spectrum is continuous; order by λ and f

Describe spectrum as continuous and ordered by decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.12 — Eyes detect limited frequency range

Recall that human eyes detect only a narrow band of frequencies (visible light).

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.4P — Lens power, focal length and shape (Physics only)

Relate the power of a lens to its focal length and shape.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.6P — Real and virtual images with different lenses (Physics only)

Explain image types produced by converging and diverging lenses.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.16P — Constant temperature requires balance of absorbed and emitted power (Physics only)

Explain energy balance for a body at constant temperature.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.14 — Velocity differences in media affect EM behaviour

Explain effects of different velocities of EM waves in different substances.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.5P — Ray diagrams for converging and diverging lenses (Physics only)

Use ray diagrams to compare refraction by converging vs diverging lenses.

@27 September 2025 21:09

5.3P — Colour from differential absorption and filters (Physics only)

Explain how colour arises from absorption and transmission by filters/surfaces.

@27 September 2025 21:08

5.1P — Reflection, refraction, total internal reflection with ray diagrams (Physics only)

Explain reflection, refraction and TIR. Use ray diagrams; include law of reflection and critical angle.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.17 — Core Practical: measure speed, frequency, wavelength in solids and fluids

Investigate wave speed, frequency and wavelength in a solid and a fluid using suitable apparatus.

@27 September 2025 21:08

5.2P — Specular vs diffuse reflection (Physics only)

Explain the difference between specular and diffuse reflection.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.11 — Different substances absorb/transmit/refract/reflect depending on wavelength

Recall that absorption, transmission, refraction and reflection vary with wavelength.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.15P — Uses of ultrasound and infrasound: sonar, foetal scanning, Earth’s core (Physics only)

Explain uses of ultrasound and infrasound in sonar, medical imaging, and exploration of Earth’s core.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.12P — Sound in solids and the human ear (limited frequency range) (Physics only)

Describe conversion between sound waves and vibrations in solids and explain the human ear’s frequency response.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.14P — Infrasound < 20 Hz (Physics only)

Recall definition of infrasound as frequencies below 20 Hz.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.16P — Velocity, frequency, wavelength changes across media (sound) (Physics only)

Describe how v, f, λ change when sound travels between media.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.13P — Ultrasound > 20 kHz (Physics only)

Recall definition of ultrasound as frequencies above 20 kHz.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.5 — Longitudinal vs transverse waves (sound, EM, seismic, water)

Describe the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves with examples.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.8P — Calculate depth/distance from time and wave velocity (Physics only)

Calculate depth or distance from time and wave velocity.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.3 — Define frequency and wavelength

Define frequency (Hz) and wavelength (m).

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.4 — Use amplitude, period, wave velocity and wavefront

Use and interpret key wave terms including amplitude, period, wave velocity and wavefront.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.7 — Measure velocity of sound in air and ripples on water

Describe methods to measure wave speeds in air and on water surfaces.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.2 — Evidence that in water and sound it is the wave that travels

Describe evidence that it is the wave, not the medium, that travels.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.9P — Reflection, refraction, transmission, absorption at interfaces (Physics only)

Describe effects of reflection, refraction, transmission and absorption at boundaries.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.10 — Refraction changes direction and speed

Explain refraction at a boundary in terms of change of direction and speed.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.1 — Waves transfer energy and information without matter transfer

State that waves transfer energy and information without transferring matter.

@27 September 2025 21:08

4.6 — v = f λ and v = x ÷ t for all waves

Use v = f λ and v = x ÷ t across wave contexts.

@27 September 2025 21:08

3.1 — ΔGPE = m g Δh

Calculate gravitational potential energy changes using ΔGPE = m g Δh.

@27 September 2025 21:08

3.2 — KE = 1/2 m v²

Calculate kinetic energy using KE = 1/2 m v² with SI units.

@27 September 2025 21:08

1.3 — Convert between units (e.g., hours to seconds)

Convert between common units including time, length, mass.

@27 September 2025 21:08

1.4 — Significant figures and standard form

Use appropriate significant figures and standard form in calculations.

@27 September 2025 21:08

2.5 — Velocity is speed in a stated direction

Define velocity as speed in a stated direction; distinguish from scalar speed.

@27 September 2025 21:08

1.2 — Multiples and sub-multiples of units

Use giga, mega, kilo, centi, milli, micro, nano; convert between them.

@27 September 2025 21:08

3.3 — Represent energy transfers with diagrams

Draw and interpret energy transfer diagrams for simple systems.

@27 September 2025 21:08

1.1 — Recall and use SI units

Recall and use SI base and derived units as listed in the spec.

@27 September 2025 21:08

2.24 — Momentum p = m v (Higher)

Define momentum and use p = m v with consistent SI units.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.31 — Dangers of large decelerations; estimate forces

Discuss injury risk from large decelerations and estimate forces using F = ma.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.26 — Force = Δ(mv) ÷ t (Higher)

Use F = (mv − mu) ÷ t linking rate of change of momentum to resultant force.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.28 — Stopping distance = thinking + braking

Define stopping distance and its two components.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.23 — Newton’s third law and momentum in collisions (Higher)

Apply Newton’s third law to equilibrium and collisions. Relate to conservation of momentum.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.27 — Measure human reaction times

Explain methods for measuring reaction time, e.g., ruler drop test and apps; recall typical results.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.30 — Factors affecting reaction time

Include drugs, alcohol, distractions, fatigue.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.32P — Estimate stopping distance vs speed (Physics only)

Estimate how stopping distance varies over typical speeds.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.29 — Factors affecting stopping distance

Mass, speed, reaction time, brakes, road state, tyre-road friction.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.33P — Braking distance ∝ v² via work-energy (Physics only)

Use work done = KE to show braking distance depends on initial speed squared.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.25 — Examples of momentum in collisions (Higher)

Describe and reason with examples of momentum changes in collisions and safety applications.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.22 — Inertial mass = F ÷ a (Higher)

Explain inertial mass as a measure of how difficult it is to change velocity. Define as the ratio of force to acceleration.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.19 — Core Practical: force, mass and acceleration

Investigate the relationship between force, mass and acceleration by varying masses on a trolley and measuring acceleration.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.21 — Centripetal force acts towards the centre (Higher)

Explain that circular motion requires a resultant centripetal force towards the centre.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.20 — Circular motion at constant speed has changing velocity (Higher)

Explain why velocity changes in uniform circular motion even if speed is constant.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.16 — Weight W = m g and measuring weight

Define weight and use W = m g. Describe how weight is measured with calibrated force meters.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.18 — Relationship between weight and g

Describe how weight depends on gravitational field strength and mass.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.13 — g ≈ 10 m/s² in free fall; estimate accelerations

Recall free-fall acceleration g ≈ 10 m/s² and estimate magnitudes of everyday accelerations.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.12 — Recall typical speeds (wind, sound, walking, running, cycling)

Recall typical speeds from everyday experience for wind and sound, and for walking, running, cycling, and transport.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.11 — Lab methods for measuring speed

Describe laboratory methods for determining the speeds of objects, e.g., light gates and timing methods.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.15 — Newton’s second law F = m a

Recall and use F = m a to relate resultant force, mass and acceleration. Include unit consistency.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.17 — How weight is measured

Describe the use of newton meters and balances for measuring weight and mass.

@27 September 2025 21:07

2.2 — Vectors have magnitude and direction

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.14 — Newton’s first law applications

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.4 — Recall vector and scalar quantities

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.1 — Scalars have magnitude only

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.9 — v² − u² = 2 a x (Higher)

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.10 — Analyse velocity–time graphs

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.3 — Difference between vectors and scalars

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.6 — Speed = distance ÷ time

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.8 — Acceleration = Δv ÷ t

@27 September 2025 21:06

2.7 — Analyse distance–time graphs

@27 September 2025 21:06

9 — Forces and their effects

@27 September 2025 21:06

8 — Energy — Forces doing work

@27 September 2025 21:06

7 — Astronomy

@27 September 2025 21:06

6 — Radioactivity

@27 September 2025 21:06

5 — Light and the electromagnetic spectrum

@27 September 2025 21:06

Ethics — Sanctity of life and medical ethics

Sanctity of life and quality of life; medical ethics such as IVF, cloning, abortion, euthanasia; conscience and law; differing religious perspectives.Example 12-mark: ‘Sanctity of life should always outweigh quality of life.’ Evaluate this statement.Key texts: Genesis 1:27. Exodus 20:13. Qur’an 17:33.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Peace and conflict — Causes of war and responses

Causes of war, religious and secular responses; peacemaking and conflict resolution; roles of leaders and communities.Example 5-mark: Explain religious responses to war.Key texts: Matthew 5:9. Qur’an 8:61.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Islam — Greater and Lesser Jihad

Greater jihad as inner spiritual struggle; lesser jihad as defence under strict conditions; misconceptions and modern contexts.Example 4-mark: Explain two differences between greater and lesser jihad.Key texts: Qur’an 25:52. Hadith on striving against the self.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Philosophy — Existence of God and revelation

Arguments for and against the existence of God, general and special revelation, scripture and religious authority; issues of faith and reason.Example 12-mark: ‘Revelation provides reliable knowledge of God.’ Evaluate this statement.Key texts: Psalm 19:1. Romans 1:20. Qur’an 2:185.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Islam — Prophethood and the Qur’an

Prophethood from Adam to Muhammad, the Seal of the Prophets; Qur’an as the final, uncorrupted revelation; Sunni and Shi’a views of authority.Example 4-mark: Explain two reasons Muslims value the Qur’an.Key texts: Qur’an 33:40. Qur’an 2:2.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Islam — Angels, predestination and afterlife (Akhirah)

Angels and their roles; al‑Qadr (divine decree) and human responsibility; Akhirah, resurrection and judgment; rewards and punishment.Example 5-mark: Explain Muslim beliefs about Akhirah.Key texts: Qur’an 13:11. Qur’an 75:3–4.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Islam — Nature of Allah and Tawhid

Tawhid and the 99 names; God as transcendent and immanent; shirk and why it is gravely wrong; implications for worship and life.Example 5-mark: Explain why Tawhid is central in Islam.Key texts: Qur’an 112. Qur’an 2:255 (Ayat al‑Kursi).

@27 September 2025 22:01

Crime and punishment — Forgiveness and reconciliation

Religious teachings on forgiveness and reconciliation; justice with mercy; responses to offenders and victims.Example 3-mark: Outline three reasons religious believers value forgiveness.Key texts: Matthew 6:14–15. Qur’an 24:22.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Peace and conflict — Pacifism and peace-making

Pacifism, conscientious objection, and peace‑making organisations; forgiveness and reconciliation after conflict.Example 4-mark: Explain two religious reasons for pacifism.Key texts: Matthew 5:38–39. Qur’an 41:34.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Ethics — Environmental stewardship and animal ethics

Environmental stewardship, dominion vs stewardship, animal rights; responsibilities to future generations; practical actions and campaigns.Example 4-mark: Explain two religious reasons to protect the environment.Key texts: Genesis 2:15. Qur’an 6:141. Hadith: ‘The earth is green and sweet…’

@27 September 2025 22:01

Crime and punishment — Aims of punishment

Aims of punishment: retribution, deterrence, reformation, protection; religious priorities and tensions between aims.Example 4-mark: Explain two aims of punishment and their purposes.Key texts: Luke 15:11–32. Qur’an 5:38.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Crime and punishment — Capital punishment and attitudes

Arguments for and against the death penalty; sanctity of life, justice, deterrence, and miscarriage of justice; denominational and interfaith differences.Example 12-mark: ‘Capital punishment is never acceptable.’ Evaluate.Key texts: Exodus 21:23–25. Qur’an 5:45.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Crime and punishment — Causes of crime and responsibility

Causes of crime, personal and social responsibility; prevention and rehabilitation; religious emphasis on justice and compassion.Example 5-mark: Explain religious views on responsibility for crime.Key texts: Micah 6:8. Qur’an 5:8.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Philosophy — Problem of evil and suffering

The problem of evil and suffering for belief in an all‑powerful, all‑loving God; theodicies and free will defence; responses in practice.Example 5-mark: Explain why evil and suffering present a challenge to belief in God.Key texts: Job 38–42. Qur’an 2:286. Reference: Irenaeus/Hick soul‑making.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Social justice — Wealth, poverty and charity

Wealth and poverty: stewardship and responsibility; causes of poverty; charity, zakah/charity giving, and social action; ethical use of money.Example 3-mark: Outline three religious teachings about the use of wealth.Key texts: Luke 12:33–34. Qur’an 2:177 and 2:215.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Philosophy — Religious experience and miracles

Religious experience and miracles as evidence for God; different interpretations and critiques; impact on faith and practice.Example 12-mark: ‘Miracles are the strongest evidence for the existence of God.’ Evaluate.Key texts: Mark 5:21–43. Qur’an 21:69. Reference: Hume on miracles.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Islam — Worship, prayer and the Five Pillars

Shahadah, salah, zakah, sawm, hajj; purpose and impact on individual and ummah; variations, e.g., Sunni and Shi’a practices.Example 12-mark: ‘Hajj is the most important of the Five Pillars.’ Evaluate.Key texts: Qur’an 2:183. Qur’an 3:97.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Peace and conflict — Just War theory and Holy War

Just War criteria, Holy War concepts, conditions and criticisms; proportionality and non‑combatant immunity; contemporary debates.Example 12-mark: ‘Just War theory is still relevant today.’ Evaluate.Key texts: Exodus 20:13. Qur’an 2:190.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Social justice — Prejudice, discrimination and racism

Types and causes of prejudice and discrimination, including racism and sexism; religious and ethical responses; the duty to challenge injustice and promote inclusion.Example 4-mark: Explain two religious reasons to oppose racism.Key texts: James 2:1–9. Qur’an 49:11.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Social justice — Human rights and equality

Human rights in religious thought, equality before God, dignity and the Imago Dei; freedom of religion and belief; roles of religious communities in promoting equality and opposing discrimination.Example 12-mark: ‘Religious believers should prioritise equality over religious rules.’ Evaluate this statement with reference to religion and belief.Key texts: Galatians 3:28. Qur’an 49:13. Micah 6:8.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Afterlife, judgment and eschatology

Christian beliefs about life after death, judgment, heaven and hell; different interpretations within denominations; how these beliefs influence moral choices and comfort.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Sources of wisdom — Bible, authority and interpretation

Authority, inspiration and interpretation of scripture; literalist, conservative and liberal approaches; role of tradition and reason.Example 12-mark: ‘Scripture should be interpreted literally.’ Evaluate.Key texts: 2 Timothy 3:16. Qur’an 3:7.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Relationships — Divorce and remarriage

Grounds for divorce and attitudes to remarriage across denominations and religions; forgiveness, reconciliation, and pastoral care.Example 5-mark: Explain religious attitudes to remarriage.Key texts: Matthew 5:31–32. 1 Corinthians 7:10–11.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Life and death — Origins of the universe and stewardship

Origins of the universe: Big Bang and creation beliefs; stewardship vs dominion; environmental responsibility.Example 5-mark: Explain how beliefs about creation influence attitudes to the environment.Key texts: Genesis 1:1. Qur’an 21:30.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Salvation and atonement

How salvation is achieved through grace and law; atonement theories and the role of Jesus’ death and resurrection. Influence on worship, confession, and moral living.Example 4-mark: Explain two Christian beliefs about atonement.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Incarnation, crucifixion, resurrection, ascension

The significance of the Incarnation; meaning of crucifixion, resurrection and ascension for salvation and life after death; how these events shape Christian hope and worship.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Sacraments and their significance

Sacraments in Christianity with denominational differences; baptism and Eucharist as key sacraments; symbolism and grace; impact on community and personal faith.Example 5-mark: Explain why baptism is important for many Christians.Key texts: Matthew 28:19. 1 Corinthians 11:23–26.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — The role of the Church in the local community

The Church’s role in social action, food banks, street pastors; community support, evangelism in context; how local churches put belief into action.Example 5-mark: Explain two ways the Church supports the local community.Key texts: Matthew 25:35–36. Acts 2:42–47.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Life and death — Abortion: beliefs and ethics

Religious and ethical arguments about abortion; personhood, rights, compassion, and circumstances.Example 12-mark: ‘Abortion can be a moral choice.’ Evaluate this statement with reference to religion and belief.Key texts: Exodus 20:13. Qur’an 17:33.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Life and death — Sanctity of life and quality of life

Sanctity of life and quality of life; differing views on when life begins; pastoral responses and ethical dilemmas.Example 5-mark: Explain how sanctity of life influences Christian views on end-of-life decisions.Key texts: Genesis 1:27. Psalm 139:13–16.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Creation and the role of the Word

Genesis 1–3 creation accounts and interpretations; the role of the Word (Logos) in John 1:1–5; stewardship and human responsibility arising from creation beliefs.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Nature of God and the Trinity

Attributes of God: omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent, just. Trinity as one God in three persons: Father, Son, Holy Spirit. How the Trinity appears in the Nicene Creed and baptismal formula; why it matters for worship and salvation.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Life and death — Animal rights and environmental ethics

Religious perspectives on animal rights, testing, and farming; compassion and stewardship applied to non‑human life.Example 3-mark: Outline three religious teachings about animals.Key texts: Proverbs 12:10. Qur’an 6:38.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Worship and prayer

Forms of worship: liturgical, non‑liturgical, informal; private prayer and the Lord’s Prayer; the impact of worship and prayer on Christian life and community.Example 3-mark: Outline three different forms of Christian worship.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Relationships — Sexual relationships, contraception, and fidelity

Sex before and outside marriage, fidelity, contraception; differing Christian and other religious perspectives; responsibility and consent.Example 12-mark: ‘Sex should only take place within marriage.’ Evaluate.Key texts: 1 Corinthians 6:18–20. Qur’an 17:32.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Relationships — Marriage and cohabitation

Religious teachings on marriage and cohabitation; purposes of marriage, commitment and covenant; differing views across traditions.Example 4-mark: Explain two religious reasons for marriage.Key texts: Genesis 2:24. Mark 10:6–9.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Life and death — Euthanasia and end-of-life care

Voluntary and non‑voluntary euthanasia; autonomy, suffering, compassion; hospice care and palliative alternatives.Example 4-mark: Explain two religious arguments against euthanasia.Key texts: Job 1:21. Qur’an 4:29.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — Pilgrimage and festivals

Pilgrimage sites and purposes, e.g., Lourdes, Iona; festivals including Christmas and Easter; how pilgrimage and festivals express belief and build community.Example 5-mark: Explain how pilgrimage can influence a Christian’s life.Key texts: Luke 2:10–14. 1 Corinthians 15:3–4.

@27 September 2025 22:01

Christianity — The worldwide Church and mission

Mission, evangelism, reconciliation, persecution and support for persecuted Christians; ecumenism and the global spread of Christianity.Example 12-mark: ‘Evangelism should be the Church’s main mission.’ Evaluate.Key texts: Matthew 28:19–20. Acts 1:8.

@27 September 2025 22:01

The Trinity

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧳T2 — Travel and tourist transactions

Travel and accommodation, asking for help, dealing with problems, directions, eating out, shopping

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧳T2 — Town, region and country

Weather, places to see, things to do; describing where you live and comparing places

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧳T2 — Holidays

Holiday preferences, past experiences and destinations; narrating in past tenses

@27 September 2025 20:36

🗂️T — Vocabulary: Theme 1 — Identity and culture

Family, relationships, leisure, culture, media.

@27 September 2025 20:19

🗂️T — Vocabulary: Numbers, dates and time

Cardinals, ordinals, quantities, clock times, days, months, seasons.

@27 September 2025 20:19

🗂️T — Vocabulary: Countries, nationalities and places

Countries, continents, nationalities, regions and geographical terms.

@27 September 2025 20:19

🗂️T — Vocabulary: Theme 5 — International and global dimension

Environment, global events, causes, opinions.

@27 September 2025 20:19

🗂️T — Vocabulary: Theme 4 — Future aspirations, study and work

Jobs, careers, training, ambitions, using languages.

@27 September 2025 20:19

📘T — Grammar: Preterite and imperfect

Formation and uses. Key time markers. Imperfect vs preterite contrasts.

@27 September 2025 20:19

📘T — Grammar: Present tense and ser/estar

Regulars, common irregulars, radical-changing verbs, ser vs estar uses.

@27 September 2025 20:19

📘T — Grammar: Nouns and gender

Singular and plural forms. Gender agreement. Common endings and exceptions.

@27 September 2025 20:19

📘T — Grammar: Articles

Definite and indefinite articles. Use of lo + adjective (R). Contractions al, del.

@27 September 2025 20:19

🎯T4 — Work

Jobs, careers and professions. Workplace roles and routines. Applications, interviews, training. Opinions about work and future pathways.

@27 September 2025 20:19

🎯T4 — Using languages beyond the classroom

Forming relationships, travel, and employment contexts where Spanish is used

@27 September 2025 20:19

🎯T4 — Ambitions

Further study, volunteering and training; discussing plans with future time frames

@27 September 2025 20:19

🎯T4 — Future aspirations, study and work

Theme covering ambitions, further study, volunteering, training, and work topics for Edexcel GCSE Spanish (1SP0)

@27 September 2025 20:19

🏫T3 — School activities

School trips, events and exchanges; giving opinions and justifications

@27 September 2025 20:19

🏫T3 — What school is like

School types, school day, subjects, rules and pressures, celebrating success

@27 September 2025 20:19

🧳T5 — Bringing the world together

Sports events, music events, campaigns and good causes; giving opinions, justifying support, and describing events

@27 September 2025 20:19

🧳T5 — Environmental issues

Being ‘green’ and access to natural resources; discussing problems, solutions, and personal actions

@27 September 2025 20:19

🎭T1 — Daily life

Customs and everyday life, food and drink, shopping, social media and technology: uses, pros and cons

@27 September 2025 20:19

🎭T1 — Cultural life

Celebrations and festivals, reading, music, sport, film and television; expressing opinions and experiences

@27 September 2025 20:19

🎭T1 — Who am I?

Relationships, friends and family, role models, personality, interests, socialising, and talking about the past and present

@27 September 2025 20:19

📘T — Grammar: Adjectives and agreement

Position, agreement, comparative and superlative, demonstratives, possessives, interrogatives.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧠T — Vocabulary: Adjectives and opinions

Common adjectives, intensifiers, comparatives and superlatives for describing people, places, activities.

@27 September 2025 20:10

📘T — Grammar: Subjunctive and imperatives

Present subjunctive triggers (wishes, emotion, purpose para que), set phrases (¡Viva!), and commands.

@27 September 2025 20:10

📘T — Grammar: Perfect and pluperfect

Haber + participle. Agreement rules. Common participles. Pluperfect (R for Foundation).

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧠T — Vocabulary: Theme 3 — School

Subjects, school life, rules, activities, opinions.

@27 September 2025 20:10

📘T — Grammar: Future and conditional

Simple future, immediate future, simple conditional (incl. gustaría). Irregular stems.

@27 September 2025 20:10

📘T — Grammar: Adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions

Common adverbs and formation. Por vs para. Time and place prepositions. Coordinating and subordinating links.

@27 September 2025 20:10

📘T — Grammar: Pronouns

Subject, reflexive, direct and indirect object, order of pronouns, demonstratives, relatives (que, quien, lo que).

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧠T — Vocabulary: Adverbs and connectives

Time, frequency, manner adverbs and linking words to build longer answers.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧠T — Vocabulary: Prepositions and directions

Core prepositions, por vs para, and direction phrases for transactions and travel.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧠T — Vocabulary: Theme 2 — Local area, holiday and travel

Town, services, directions, transport, accommodation, transactions.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧠T — Vocabulary: High-frequency verbs

Core action verbs across themes. Include present, preterite, imperfect, future stems in exemplars.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧠T — Vocabulary: Social conventions and dialogues

Polite forms, phone and message language, common classroom and transactional phrases.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🍀P9 — Conditional probability (two-way, trees, Venns)

Conditional probability via expected frequencies with two-way tables, trees and Venns

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P8 — Combined events and tree diagrams

Independent and dependent combined events; tree diagrams; assumptions

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P7 — Possibility spaces and probabilities

Theoretical possibility spaces; calculate probabilities

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P6 — Systematic enumeration; tables, Venns, trees

Systematically enumerate sets; tables, grids, Venn diagrams and trees

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P5 — Empirical vs theoretical distributions

Empirical samples tend to theoretical distributions as n increases

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P3 — Relative frequency and probability scale

Relative frequency vs theoretical probability; 0–1 scale

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P4 — Exhaustive and mutually exclusive events

Exhaustive and mutually exclusive events sum to 1

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P2 — Randomness and expected outcomes

Randomness, fairness and equally likely events; expected outcomes

@27 September 2025 21:00

🍀P1 — Recording and analysing outcomes

Record/describe/analyse outcomes; frequency tables and trees

@27 September 2025 21:00

📊S6 — Scatter graphs, correlation and prediction

Scatter graphs; correlation; line of best fit; prediction; interpolation/extrapolation cautions

@27 September 2025 20:18

📊S5 — Describing populations

Apply statistics to describe a population

@27 September 2025 20:18

📊S4 — Comparing distributions and box plots

Compare distributions; box plots; centres and spreads incl. quartiles and IQR

@27 September 2025 20:18

📊S3 — Histograms and cumulative frequency

Histograms (equal/unequal classes) and cumulative frequency

@27 September 2025 20:18

📊S1 — Inference from samples

Infer properties of populations from samples; limitations of sampling

@27 September 2025 20:18

📊S2 — Tables and charts (incl. time series)

Interpret and construct tables and charts incl. time series

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G9 — Circle parts and properties

Circle definitions and properties: centre, radius, chord, diameter, circumference, tangent, arc, sector, segment

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G5 — Triangle congruence criteria

Triangle congruence criteria: SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G13 — Plans and elevations

Construct and interpret plans and elevations of 3D shapes

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G2 — Constructions and loci

Ruler and compass constructions; loci; perpendicular distance to a line

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G20 — Pythagoras and trigonometry (2D and 3D)

Pythagoras and trigonometric ratios in 2D; extend to 3D and non-right-angled where possible

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G1 — Geometric language and diagrams

Geometric terms and notation; draw diagrams from description

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G19 — Similarity in lengths, areas and volumes

Similarity: relationships in lengths, areas and volumes

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G7 — Similarity with fractional and negative scale factors

Congruent and similar shapes incl. fractional and negative scale factors

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G23 — Triangle area: 1/2 ab sin C

Area of triangle = 1/2 ab sin C

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G22 — Sine and cosine rules

Sine rule and cosine rule

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G17 — Circles: circumference, area and 3D extensions

Circles: circumference and area; perimeters; composite areas; surface area and volume of spheres, pyramids, cones, composites

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G11 — Coordinate geometry problems

Solve geometrical problems on coordinate axes

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G18 — Arc length and sectors

Arc length, sector angle, and area of sectors

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G10 — Circle theorems and proofs

Prove and apply circle theorems; prove related results

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G6 — Congruence, similarity and simple proofs

Use congruence, similarity, quadrilaterals, Pythagoras; base angles of isosceles; simple proofs

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G25 — Vector operations and proofs

Vector operations; use vectors for geometric arguments and proofs

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G16 — Areas and volumes (2D and prisms)

Areas of triangles, parallelograms, trapezia; volumes of cuboids and right prisms

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G24 — Translations as vectors

Describe translations as 2D vectors

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G12 — 3D solids: faces, edges and vertices

Properties of faces, surfaces, edges, vertices of common solids

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G4 — Quadrilaterals and plane figures

Properties and definitions of quadrilaterals and other plane figures

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G15 — Measuring, maps, scales and bearings

Measure segments and angles; maps, scales, bearings

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G8 — Transformations and invariance

Describe changes and invariants under rotations, reflections, translations

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G14 — Measures and units

Standard measures and related concepts

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G3 — Angle facts and polygon angle sums

Angle facts; alternate and corresponding angles; triangle and polygon angle sums

@27 September 2025 20:18

📐G21 — Exact trigonometric values

Exact trig values at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°; tan at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R14 — Gradient as rate of change; proportion graphs

Interpret gradient as a rate of change; recognise graphs of proportion

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R7 — Proportion as equality of ratios

Understand and use proportion as equality of ratios

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R10 — Direct and inverse proportion

Solve problems involving direct and inverse proportion (graphical and algebraic)

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R8 — Ratios, fractions and linear functions

Relate ratios to fractions and linear functions

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R13 — Equations for direct and inverse proportion

Construct and interpret equations for direct and inverse proportion

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R16 — Growth and decay; iterative processes

Set up, solve and interpret growth and decay incl. compound interest; iterative processes

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R11 — Compound units (speed, density, pressure)

Use compound units: speed, rates of pay, unit pricing, density, pressure

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R15 — Average and instantaneous rates of change

Instantaneous and average rates of change via tangents and chords (no calculus)

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R9 — Percentages and percentage change

Percentages and percentage change; original value; simple interest

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R4 — Ratio notation and simplification

Use ratio notation; reduce to simplest form

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R3 — One quantity as a fraction of another

Express one quantity as a fraction of another

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R6 — Multiplicative relationships

Express multiplicative relationships as a ratio or fraction

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R12 — Comparing measures with ratio; links to similarity

Compare lengths, areas, volumes using ratio; link to similarity and trig ratios

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R2 — Scale factors, diagrams and maps

Use scale factors, scale diagrams and maps

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R1 — Standard and compound units

Change freely between related standard and compound units (numeric and algebraic)

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔁R5 — Dividing a quantity in a ratio

Divide a quantity into a given ratio; apply in contexts

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A6 — Equations vs identities; arguments and proofs

Equations vs identities; use algebra to support arguments and proofs

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A11 — Quadratic roots and turning points

Quadratic roots and turning points; complete the square

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A24 — Recognising common sequences

Recognise sequences: triangular, square, cube, arithmetic, Fibonacci-type, quadratic, geometric (r^n with rational r>0 or surd), others

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A22 — Linear and quadratic inequalities

Solve linear inequalities in 1–2 variables and quadratic inequalities; represent solutions

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A3 — Expressions, equations, identities, inequalities

Expressions, equations, identities, inequalities, terms and factors

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A4 — Simplifying, expanding, factorising (incl. surds, alg. fractions)

Simplify/manipulate incl. surds and algebraic fractions; expand binomials; factorise quadratics (ax^2+bx+c)

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A10 — Gradients and intercepts

Identify and interpret gradients and intercepts

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A20 — Iterative methods (numerical solutions)

Find approximate solutions numerically using iteration

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A12 — Sketching key functions

Sketch linear, quadratic, simple cubic, reciprocal, exponential, sine, cosine, tangent

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A2 — Substitution in expressions and formulae

Substitute numerical values into formulae and expressions (incl. scientific)

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A18 — Solving quadratics (3 methods)

Solve quadratics by factorising, completing the square and quadratic formula; graphical approximations

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A21 — Modelling with algebra

Translate situations to algebra; derive equations; solve and interpret

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A15 — Gradients and areas under graphs

Estimate gradients and areas under graphs; interpret in contexts

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A1 — Algebraic notation and conventions

Algebraic notation and conventions; coefficients as fractions; brackets

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A8 — Coordinates in four quadrants

Work with coordinates in all four quadrants

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A9 — Straight-line graphs and perpendicularity

Straight-line graphs; y=mx+c; parallel and perpendicular lines; equations from points/gradient

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A5 — Rearranging formulae

Rearrange formulae; change the subject

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A17 — Solving linear equations

Solve linear equations; find approximate solutions using graphs

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A7 — Functions, inverses and composites

Functions, inverse and composite functions; function notation expected

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A23 — Generating sequences

Generate sequence terms from term-to-term or position-to-term rules

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A25 — nth term (linear and quadratic)

Find nth term for linear and quadratic sequences

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A19 — Simultaneous equations (linear/linear, linear/quadratic)

Solve simultaneous equations (linear/linear and linear/quadratic) algebraically; graphical approximations

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A16 — Circles (centre at origin) and tangents

Equation of a circle (centre origin); equation of a tangent

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A13 — Transformations of functions

Sketch translations and reflections of a function

@27 September 2025 20:18

➗A14 — Reciprocal and exponential graphs

Plot/interpret reciprocal and exponential graphs; non-standard graphs in context

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N15 - Rounding - Inequality notation for error intervals

Round to appropriate accuracy; use inequality notation for error intervals

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N11 — Fractions in ratio problems

Identify and work with fractions in ratio problems

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N4 — Primes, factors, HCF and LCM

Primes, factors, multiples, HCF, LCM, prime factorisation

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N2 — Four operations and place value

Apply the four operations to integers, decimals, simple fractions and mixed numbers (incl. negatives); place value

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N3 — Order of operations and inverses

Inverse operations; order of operations with brackets, powers, roots, reciprocals

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N8 — Surds and exact calculations

Exact calculations with fractions, surds and multiples of π; simplify surds; rationalise denominators

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N14 — Estimation and checking

Estimate answers; check using approximations

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N7 — Indices and roots (including fractional)

Calculate with roots; integer and fractional indices

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N6 — Powers and roots

Positive integer powers and real roots; recognise powers of 2,3,4,5; estimate powers/roots

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N10 — Fractions and decimals (including recurring)

Work with decimals ↔ fractions; recurring decimals ↔ fractions

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N13 — Units and compound measures

Standard units and compound measures using decimals where appropriate

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N12 — Fractions and percentages as operators

Interpret fractions and percentages as operators

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N16 — Limits of accuracy and bounds

Apply and interpret limits of accuracy; upper and lower bounds

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N9 — Standard form

Standard form A × 10^n, 1 ≤ A < 10

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N5 — Systematic listing and product rule

Systematic listing strategies; product rule for counting

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔢N1 — Ordering numbers and inequalities

Order integers, decimals, fractions; use =, ≠, <, >, ≤, ≥

@27 September 2025 20:18

🔒Threats — SQL injection (concept)

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Threats — Social engineering (e.g., phishing; people as the 'weak point')

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Threats — Malware

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Threats — Denial of service (DoS) attacks

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Threats — Data interception and theft

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Threats — Brute-force attacks

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Preventing vulnerabilities — User access levels

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Preventing vulnerabilities — Physical security

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Preventing vulnerabilities — Penetration testing

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Preventing vulnerabilities — Passwords

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Preventing vulnerabilities — Encryption (as a countermeasure)

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Preventing vulnerabilities — Firewalls

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Networks & topologies — Types of network: LAN; WAN

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Preventing vulnerabilities — Anti-malware software

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Networks & topologies — LAN hardware: wireless access points; routers; switches; NIC; transmission media

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Networks & topologies — Star and Mesh topologies (advantages/disadvantages & application)

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Networks & topologies — Internet as a network of networks; DNS; hosting; the Cloud; web servers & clients

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Networks & topologies — Client–server vs peer-to-peer roles

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Networks & topologies — Factors affecting performance (e.g., number of devices, bandwidth)

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Network security Threats: • Denial of service (DoS) attacks • SQL injection (concept) • Brute-force attacks • Malware • Social engineering (e.g., phishing; people as the 'weak point') • Data interception and theft Preventing vulnerabilities: • Physical security • Penetration testing • Firewalls • Passwords • Anti-malware software • User access levels • Encryption (as a countermeasure)

@27 September 2025 20:55

🔒Computer networks, connections and protocols Networks & topologies: • Types of network: LAN; WAN • Star and Mesh topologies (advantages/disadvantages & application) • Client–server vs peer-to-peer roles • LAN hardware: wireless access points; routers; switches; NIC; transmission media • Factors affecting performance (e.g., number of devices, bandwidth) • Internet as a network of networks; DNS; hosting; the Cloud; web servers & clients Wired/wireless, protocols & layers: • Wired: Ethernet; Wireless: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth (uses, pros/cons) • Protocols: TCP/IP; HTTP; HTTPS; FTP; POP; IMAP; SMTP (purposes/key features) • Standards (role enabling interoperability) • IP addressing (IPv4/IPv6) & MAC addressing (purpose) • Concept of layers; benefits of layered protocol models (e.g., 4-layer TCP/IP model as teaching example) • Encryption (principle, purpose)

@27 September 2025 20:55

🌐Legislation — Software licences: proprietary (no source access; off-the-shelf)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Legislation — Data Protection Act 2018 (purpose; permitted/prohibited actions)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Legislation — Software licences: open source (access to source, ability to change)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Legislation — Computer Misuse Act 1990 (purpose; offences)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Legislation — Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (purpose)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Impacts — Privacy issues (societal)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Impacts — Legal issues of digital technology (societal)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Impacts — Ethical issues of digital technology (societal)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Impacts — Environmental issues of digital technology (societal)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Impacts — Cultural issues of digital technology (societal)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🌐Ethical, legal, cultural & environmental impacts Impacts: • Environmental issues of digital technology (societal) • Legal issues of digital technology (societal) • Ethical issues of digital technology (societal) • Cultural issues of digital technology (societal) • Privacy issues (societal) Legislation: • Data Protection Act 2018 (purpose; permitted/prohibited actions) • Computer Misuse Act 1990 (purpose; offences) • Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (purpose) • Software licences: proprietary (no source access; off-the-shelf) • Software licences: open source (access to source, ability to change)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Embedded systems — Examples of embedded systems

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Sound: Sampling & digital storage of analogue sound

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Numbers: Convert positive denary to binary (≤8 bits)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Sound: Sample rate, duration, bit depth – impact on quality and size

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Numbers: Convert positive denary to 2-digit hexadecimal; binary to hexadecimal

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Numbers: Binary shifts (left/right) and their effects

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Numbers: Add two binary integers (≤8 bits) & overflow errors

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Images: Pixels stored in binary; metadata (e.g., height, width)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Images: Effect of colour depth & resolution on quality and file size

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Characters: Bits per character vs number of representable characters (ASCII, Unicode)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Data storage — Characters: Binary codes to represent characters; 'character set' term

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️CPU performance — Number of cores

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️CPU performance — Clock speed

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️CPU performance — Cache size

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Compression — Types: Lossy; Lossless (advantages, disadvantages, effects)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — Von Neumann architecture: Program Counter

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Compression — Need for compression

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — Von Neumann architecture: MDR (Memory Data Register)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — Von Neumann architecture: MAR (Memory Address Register)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — Von Neumann architecture: Accumulator

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — Registers (general)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — Purpose of the CPU: the fetch-execute cycle

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — CU (Control Unit)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — Cache

@27 September 2025 20:54

🖥️Architecture of the CPU — ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

@27 September 2025 20:54

🤔Programming fundamentals Basic concepts: • Variables; constants; operators; inputs; outputs; assignments (use/understanding) • Boolean operators: AND; OR; NOT (use) • Common arithmetic operators (use) • Constructs: Sequence; Selection; Iteration (count- and condition-controlled) Data types: • Integer; Real; Boolean; Character and string • Casting (purpose/choice) Additional techniques: • Arrays 1D and 2D (static; 2D as tables of fields/records) • Basic string manipulation (concatenation, slicing) • File handling: Open; Read; Write; Close (basics) • Random number generation (use in programs) • Records (storing structured data) • SQL to search for data: SELECT; FROM; WHERE (use) • Sub programs: functions & procedures (when to use; local/global; arrays passing/returning)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Producing robust programs Defensive design: • Anticipating misuse • Authentication • Input validation • Maintainability (sub programs, naming, indentation, commenting) Testing: • Purpose of testing • Iterative vs final/terminal • Syntax vs logic errors • Test data: normal, boundary, invalid/erroneous • Test plans • Refining algorithms

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Languages — High-level vs low-level (characteristics & purposes); purpose of translators; compiler vs interpreter (differences, pros/cons)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔IDE — Common tools/facilities: Editors; Error diagnostics; Run-time environment; Translators (how they help development)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Designing/creating/refining algorithms — Use reference language / high-level language to develop/trace algorithms

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Designing/creating/refining algorithms — Use flowcharts to create/refine algorithms (standard symbols)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Designing/creating/refining algorithms — Use pseudocode to create/refine algorithms

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Designing/creating/refining algorithms — Structure diagrams (problem/subsections/links)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Designing/creating/refining algorithms — Identify inputs, processes, outputs (IPO)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Designing/creating/refining algorithms — Identify common errors; use trace tables

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Data types — Integer; Real; Boolean; Character and string; Casting (purpose/choice)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Defensive design — Anticipating misuse; Authentication; Input validation; Maintainability (sub programs, naming, indentation, commenting)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Computational thinking — Algorithmic thinking

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Computational thinking — Decomposition

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Computational thinking — Abstraction

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Boolean logic — Logic diagrams using AND, OR, NOT; truth tables; combining operators; applying truth tables to solve problems

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Boolean logic • Logic diagrams using AND, OR, NOT • Truth tables • Combining operators • Applying truth tables to solve problems

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Algorithms Computational thinking: • Abstraction • Algorithmic thinking • Decomposition Designing/creating/refining algorithms: • Identify inputs, processes, outputs (IPO) • Use flowcharts to create/refine algorithms (standard symbols) • Use pseudocode to create/refine algorithms • Use reference language/high-level language to develop/trace algorithms • Structure diagrams (problem/subsections/links) • Identify common errors; use trace tables Searching & sorting algorithms: • Binary search; Linear search (steps, prerequisites, application) • Sorting: Bubble; Merge; Insertion (steps, identification, application)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Additional techniques — Sub programs: functions & procedures (when to use; local/global; arrays passing/returning)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Additional techniques — SQL to search for data: SELECT; FROM; WHERE (use)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Additional techniques — Records (storing structured data)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Additional techniques — Random number generation (use in programs)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Additional techniques — File handling: Open; Read; Write; Close (basics)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Additional techniques — Basic string manipulation (e.g., concatenation, slicing)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🤔Additional techniques — Arrays 1D and 2D (static; 2D as tables of fields/records)

@27 September 2025 20:53

🖥️Operating systems — File management (naming, folders, moving, saving)

@27 September 2025 20:46

🖥️Operating systems — User management (accounts, permissions)

@27 September 2025 20:46

🖥️Secondary storage — Common types: Optical; Magnetic; Solid state

@27 September 2025 20:46

🖥️Operating systems — Peripheral management & drivers

@27 September 2025 20:46

🖥️Secondary storage — Suitable storage devices/media for a given application

@27 September 2025 20:46

💻Programming skills (Section 2d) • Use one or more high-level text-based languages (e.g., Python; C family; Java; JavaScript; Visual Basic/.NET; PHP; Delphi; BASIC) – select languages to cover all skills as needed • Must be given the opportunity to undertake programming task(s) during the course (design, write, test, refine)

@27 September 2025 20:19

💻Programming languages & IDEs Languages: • High-level vs low-level (characteristics & purposes) • Purpose of translators • Compiler vs interpreter (differences, pros/cons) IDE: • Common tools/facilities: Editors; Error diagnostics; Run-time environment; Translators (how they help development)

@27 September 2025 20:19

💻Programming fundamentals — Variables; constants; operators; inputs; outputs; assignments (use/understanding)

@27 September 2025 20:19

💻Programming tasks — Must be given the opportunity to undertake programming task(s) during the course (design, write, test, refine)

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Secondary storage — Advantages/disadvantages by: Capacity; Speed; Portability; Durability; Reliability; Cost

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Operating systems — User interface

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Primary storage (Memory) — Purpose of RAM in a computer system

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Memory and storage Primary storage (Memory): • Need for primary storage • Purpose of RAM in a computer system • Purpose of ROM in a computer system • Difference between RAM and ROM • Virtual memory Secondary storage: • Need for secondary storage • Common types: Optical; Magnetic; Solid state • Advantages/disadvantages by: Capacity; Speed; Portability; Durability; Reliability; Cost • Suitable storage devices/media for a given application Data storage: Numbers: • Convert positive denary to binary (≤8 bits) • Convert positive denary to 2-digit hexadecimal; binary to hexadecimal • Add two binary integers (≤8 bits) & overflow errors • Binary shifts (left/right) and their effects Characters: • Binary codes to represent characters; 'character set' term • Bits per character vs number of representable characters (ASCII, Unicode) Images: • Pixels stored in binary; metadata (e.g., height, width) • Effect of colour depth & resolution on quality and file size Sound: • Sampling & digital stora

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Systems architecture Architecture of the CPU: • Purpose of the CPU: the fetch-execute cycle • Von Neumann architecture: - MAR (Memory Address Register) - MDR (Memory Data Register) - Accumulator - Program Counter • CU (Control Unit) • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) • Registers (general) • Cache CPU performance: • Clock speed • Cache size • Number of cores Embedded systems: • Purpose and characteristics • Examples of embedded systems

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Systems software Operating systems: • User interface • Memory management & multitasking • Peripheral management & drivers • User management (accounts, permissions) • File management (naming, folders, moving, saving) Utility software: • Purpose & functionality of utilities • Encryption software • Defragmentation • Data compression (as utilities)

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Operating systems — Memory management & multitasking

@27 September 2025 20:19

🖥️Primary storage (Memory) — Difference between RAM and ROM

@27 September 2025 20:19

Primary storage (Memory) — Need for primary storage

@27 September 2025 20:10

Secondary storage — Need for secondary storage

@27 September 2025 20:10

Units — Data must be converted to binary format for processing

@27 September 2025 20:10

Searching & sorting algorithms — Searching: Binary search; Linear search (steps, prerequisites, application)

@27 September 2025 20:10

Primary storage (Memory) — Virtual memory

@27 September 2025 20:10

Testing — Purpose of testing; Iterative vs final/terminal; Syntax vs logic errors; Test data: normal, boundary, invalid/erroneous; Test plans; Refining algorithms

@27 September 2025 20:10

Searching & sorting algorithms — Sorting: Bubble; Merge; Insertion (steps, identification, application)

@27 September 2025 20:10

Primary storage (Memory) — Purpose of ROM in a computer system

@27 September 2025 20:10

Embedded systems — Purpose and characteristics of embedded systems

@27 September 2025 20:10

Units — Data capacity & calculating storage requirements (files, devices)

@27 September 2025 20:10

Programming fundamentals — Boolean operators: AND; OR; NOT (use)

@27 September 2025 20:10

Programming fundamentals — Constructs: Sequence; Selection; Iteration (count- and condition-controlled)

@27 September 2025 20:10

Programming fundamentals — Common arithmetic operators (use)

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧭Geography CS — Dynamic UK city (Topic 5)

Context, structure and functions; migration and diversity; inequalities; decline and growth dynamics; regeneration and rebranding; sustainability; city–rural interdependence and impacts on linked rural area.

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧭Geography CS — Megacity in a developing/emerging country (Topic 3)

Site, situation and connectivity; structure and functions; population growth drivers; spatial growth and land use; opportunities, challenges, and quality‑of‑life contrasts; top‑down and bottom‑up sustainability strategies.

@27 September 2025 20:19

🧭Geography CS — Emerging country development (Topic 2)

Site, situation and global context; economic trends since 1990; roles of globalisation and policy; demographic and urban change; regional inequalities; environmental impacts; changing geopolitical role and FDI debates.

Geography CS — Emerging country development (Topic 2)

@27 September 2025 20:19

🗺️Geography: Component 1 — Global Geographical Issues

Overview shell for Paper 1. Enquiry topics: Hazardous Earth; Development dynamics; Challenges of an urbanising world.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🌪️Geography T1 — Hazardous Earth

Global circulation and heat transfer. Natural climate change vs enhanced greenhouse effect. Tropical cyclones (causes, hazards, vulnerability, preparation). Plate tectonics, boundaries, volcanoes and earthquakes; contrasting impacts and management.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🏞️Geography T4 — The UK’s evolving physical landscape

Geology, past tectonics and glaciation shaping uplands/lowlands. Weathering, post-glacial fluvial and slope processes; human activity. Coastal change and conflict; river processes and pressures; hazards and management.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🌾Geography FW — Changing rural areas (Topic 6)

Fieldwork focus: how and why deprivation varies within rural areas. Includes qualitative perceptions, environmental quality measures, census data, analysis and evaluation.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧪Geography T6 — Geographical investigations (Fieldwork)

Two investigations: one physical (coasts or rivers) and one human (dynamic urban areas or changing rural areas). Includes enquiry questions, methods (quantitative/qualitative), secondary data, presentation, analysis, conclusions and evaluation.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🌧️Geography FW — River processes and pressures (Topic 6)

Fieldwork focus: how drainage basin and channel characteristics influence flood risk. Includes enquiry questions, methods, flood risk mapping, analysis, conclusions and evaluation.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🌍Geography T7 — People and the biosphere

Global biomes, climate controls and local factors. Biosphere goods and services; resource use and modification. Growing demand for food, energy and water; Malthus vs Boserup.

@27 September 2025 20:10

📈Geography T2 — Development dynamics

Measuring and defining development (GDP, HDI, inequality, corruption). Global inequality causes; Rostow vs Frank. Top-down vs bottom-up development; roles of TNCs, IGOs and NGOs. Emerging country case study change since 1990.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🇬🇧Geography: Component 2 — UK Geographical Issues

Overview shell for Paper 2. Enquiry topics: UK’s evolving physical landscape; UK’s evolving human landscape; Fieldwork investigations (physical and human).

@27 September 2025 20:10

🌊Geography FW — Coastal change and conflict (Topic 6)

Fieldwork focus: impact of coastal management on processes and communities. Includes enquiry questions, quantitative and qualitative methods, geology mapping, analysis, conclusions and evaluation.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🧭Geography: Component 3 — People and Environment Issues (Decision-making)

Overview shell for Paper 3. Enquiry topics: People and the biosphere; Forests under threat; Consuming energy resources; Decision-making exercise integrating sources.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🌳Geography T8 — Forests under threat

Tropical rainforest and taiga characteristics and adaptations; nutrient cycling and biodiversity. Direct threats (logging, agriculture, mining, HEP) and indirect threats (climate change, fires, pests). Protection and sustainable management (CITES, REDD, protected areas, sustainable forestry, alternative livelihoods).

@27 September 2025 20:10

🏘️Geography T5 — The UK’s evolving human landscape

Urban–rural contrasts; policy influences. Migration and demographic change; economic structure shifts; globalisation and FDI. Dynamic UK city case study: functions, structure, inequalities, regeneration and sustainability; city–rural interdependence.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🏙️Geography FW — Dynamic urban areas (Topic 6)

Fieldwork focus: how and why quality of life varies within urban areas. Includes perception surveys, environmental quality indices, use of census data, analysis and evaluation.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🏙️Geography T3 — Challenges of an urbanising world

Trends and projections in urbanisation and megacities. Causes of growth, formal vs informal economies. Urban change processes and land use. Megacity case study: growth, opportunities, challenges, quality of life and sustainability strategies.

@27 September 2025 20:10

⚡Geography T9 — Consuming energy resources

Energy classifications (non‑renewable, renewable, recyclable). Uneven access and use; oil reserves, production, prices and geopolitics. Pressures to exploit new areas and unconventional sources. Efficiency and conservation, alternatives and future tech, changing attitudes and carbon footprints.

@27 September 2025 20:10

🟰0.1 — Recall the formulae of elements, simple compounds and ions

Recall the formulae of elements, simple compounds and ions

@27 September 2025 23:16

🥼9.25C — Biological polymers: DNA, starch, proteins

Recall that DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, starch is a polymer of sugars, and proteins are polymers of amino acids

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.24C — Evaluate polymer recycling

Evaluate pros and cons of recycling polymers including economics, feedstock availability and environmental impact

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.23C — Problems with polymers and disposal

Describe issues with polymers: starting material availability, persistence in landfill (non‑biodegradable), gases on combustion, need to sort for recycling

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.21C — Uses of polymers linked to properties

Explain how uses of polymers relate to their properties and vice versa, including PE, PP, PVC, PTFE

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.22C — Condensation polymers: polyesters

Explain that polyesters are formed from monomers with two –COOH groups and monomers with two –OH groups, with water formed at each ester link

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.19C — Other addition polymers: PP, PVC, PTFE

Describe formation of other addition polymers from monomers with C=C, including poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) (PVC) and PTFE

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.20C — Deduce monomer from polymer (and vice versa)

Deduce monomer structure from an addition polymer and the polymer from a monomer

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.18C — Addition polymerisation of ethene → poly(ethene)

Describe how ethene molecules add together to form poly(ethene) (no mechanisms or conditions required)

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.17C — What is a polymer

Recall that a polymer is a substance of high average relative molecular mass made up of small repeating units

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.16C — Complete combustion of alkanes and alkenes

Describe complete combustion of alkanes and alkenes producing CO2 and H2O

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.15C — Bromine water test for unsaturation

Explain how bromine water distinguishes between alkanes and alkenes

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.14C — Addition of bromine to ethene and other alkenes

Recall addition reaction of ethene with bromine and extend to other alkenes, showing structures

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.12C — Alkenes: formulae and structures (C2–C4)

Recall formulae of ethene, propene, butenes and draw structures showing all bonds (but‑1‑ene and but‑2‑ene)

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.13C — Alkenes are unsaturated; functional group C=C

Explain why alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing C=C functional group

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.11C — Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

Explain why the alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.10C — Alkanes: formulae and structures (C1–C4)

Recall formulae of methane, ethane, propane, butane and draw structures showing all bonds

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.8C — Instrumental methods overview

Describe that instrumental methods may improve sensitivity, accuracy and speed of tests

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.9C — Flame photometry data use

Evaluate flame photometer data using calibration curves to determine concentrations and identify metal ions

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.7C — Identify ions from test results

Identify the ions in unknown salts from results of the specified tests

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.6C — Core Practical: identify ions in unknown salts

Identify ions in unknown salts using specified cation and anion tests

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.4C — Chemical test for ammonia

Describe the chemical test for ammonia

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.5C — Tests for CO3^2−, SO4^2−, Cl−, Br−, I−

Describe tests for carbonate, sulfate and halide ions using the specified reagents

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.2C — Flame tests for Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cu2+

Describe flame tests to identify Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cu2+

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.3C — NaOH tests for Al3+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, NH4+

Describe tests using sodium hydroxide to identify specified cations in solids or solutions

@27 September 2025 20:59

🥼9.1C — Ion tests must be unique

Explain why a test for any ion must be unique

@27 September 2025 20:59

🌍8.25 — Evidence for human activity causing climate change

Evaluate evidence for human‑caused climate change considering correlations of CO2, fossil fuel use and temperature, and uncertainties in measurement locations and historical accuracy

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.24 — Greenhouse effect basics

Describe how gases including CO2, CH4 and H2O absorb heat radiated from Earth and re‑emit energy that warms the planet (greenhouse effect)

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.23 — Chemical test for oxygen

Describe the chemical test for oxygen

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.21 — CO2 decreased by dissolving in oceans

Explain how CO2 decreased as it dissolved when oceans formed

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.22 — Photosynthesis increased O2

Explain how growth of primitive plants used CO2 and released O2 so atmospheric oxygen increased

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.20 — Oceans formed by condensation

Explain how condensation of water vapour formed oceans

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.19 — Likely composition of early atmosphere

Describe the likely early atmosphere: little or no oxygen, much carbon dioxide, water vapour, small amounts of other gases

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.18 — Early atmosphere from volcanic activity

Recall that gases from volcanic activity formed Earth’s early atmosphere

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.17 — Why cracking is necessary

Explain why cracking is necessary

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.16 — Cracking makes smaller molecules incl. alkenes

Explain that cracking breaks larger saturated hydrocarbons into smaller ones, some unsaturated (alkenes)

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.15 — Fossil fuels are non‑renewable

Recall petrol, kerosene, diesel are fossil fuels from crude oil and methane is a fossil fuel in natural gas; all are non‑renewable

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.13 — Oxides of nitrogen from engines

Explain why oxygen and nitrogen react at high temperatures in engines to produce oxides of nitrogen (pollutants)

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.14 — Evaluate H2 vs petrol as car fuel

Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen vs petrol as a car fuel

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.11 — Sulfur impurities and SO2

Explain how impurities in some fuels produce sulfur dioxide

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.12 — Acid rain problems

Explain problems associated with acid rain when SO2 dissolves in rain water

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.10 — Problems from incomplete combustion

Describe problems caused by CO and soot in appliances burning carbon compounds

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.9 — Carbon monoxide is toxic

Explain how carbon monoxide behaves as a toxic gas

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.8 — Incomplete combustion products

Explain incomplete combustion producing carbon and carbon monoxide

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.7 — Complete combustion

Describe complete combustion of hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, with energy release

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.6 — What is a homologous series

Explain homologous series: same general formula, differ by CH2, gradual variation in physical properties, similar chemical properties

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.5 — Differences between fractions

Explain how fractions differ in number of C and H atoms, boiling points, ease of ignition, viscosity and are mostly alkanes

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.4 — Names and uses of fractions

Recall names and uses of gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, bitumen

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.3 — Fractional distillation of crude oil

Describe and explain the separation of crude oil into simpler mixtures by fractional distillation

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.2 — Crude oil description and uses

Describe crude oil as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons in chains or rings, important source of fuels and petrochemical feedstock, and finite resource

@27 September 2025 20:58

🌍8.1 — Define hydrocarbons

Recall that hydrocarbons contain carbon and hydrogen only

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.16 — Physical trends in Group 0

Describe and predict patterns in physical properties of noble gases

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.14 — Why noble gases are inert (electronic configuration)

Explain why noble gases are chemically inert in terms of their electronic configurations

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.15 — Uses of noble gases from properties

Explain how uses of noble gases depend on inertness, low density and non‑flammability

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.11 — Halogen displacement and relative reactivity

Describe relative reactivity of Cl2, Br2, I2 via displacement with halide ions in aqueous solution and predict reactions of astatine

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.13 — Explain halogen reactivity trend (electronic structure)

Explain the relative reactivity of halogens in terms of electronic configurations

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.12 — Halogen displacement are redox (identify oxidised/reduced)

Explain why halogen displacement reactions are redox in terms of electron transfer, identifying oxidised and reduced species

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.9 — Halogens with metals form metal halides

Describe reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with metals to form halides and predict others

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.10 — Hydrogen halides form acidic solutions

Recall hydrogen halides dissolve in water to form acidic solutions and predict for other halogens

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.6 — Colours and states of Cl2, Br2, I2 at room temperature

Recall the colours and physical states of chlorine, bromine and iodine at room temperature

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.8 — Test for chlorine

Describe the chemical test for chlorine

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.7 — Physical property trends in halogens

Describe the pattern in physical properties down Group 7 and predict others

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.4 — Reactivity trend in Group 1 with water

Describe the pattern in reactivity of lithium, sodium and potassium with water and predict reactivity of other alkali metals

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.5 — Explain Group 1 trend via electronic configuration

Explain the Group 1 reactivity trend in terms of electronic configurations

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.3 — Li, Na, K with water

Describe the reactions of lithium, sodium and potassium with water

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.2 — Alkali metals are soft with low melting points

Recall that alkali metals are soft and have relatively low melting points

@27 September 2025 20:58

📗6.1 — Classify Group 1, 7, 0 by position

Explain why some elements are alkali metals (group 1), halogens (group 7) or noble gases (group 0) based on position in the periodic table

@27 September 2025 20:58

⚛️3.25 — Products with inert electrodes

Explain products formed in electrolysis of specified electrolytes using inert electrodes

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.24 — Ion movement in electrolysis

Explain that cations migrate to the cathode and anions to the anode

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.23 — What electrolysis is

Describe electrolysis as DC electrical energy decomposing electrolytes

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.22 — Define electrolytes

Recall that electrolytes are ionic compounds in the molten state or dissolved in water

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.20 — Predict precipitates using solubility rules

Predict whether a precipitate forms when named solutions are mixed; name the precipitate

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.21 — Method to prepare an insoluble salt

Describe the method to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.19 — Solubility rules

Recall the general solubility rules for common substances in water

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.18 — How to carry out an acid–alkali titration

Describe how to carry out an acid–alkali titration using burette, pipette and a suitable indicator to prepare a pure, dry salt

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.17 — Core Practical: prepare hydrated copper sulfate crystals

Investigate preparation of pure, dry hydrated copper sulfate crystals from copper oxide using a water bath

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.16 — Making soluble salts with soluble reactants (titration)

Explain why titration is used to find correct proportions before mixing to leave only salt and water

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.15 — Making soluble salts with insoluble reactants

Explain why excess insoluble reactant is added, then removed, leaving only salt and water

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.13 — Neutralisation definition

Describe a neutralisation reaction as a reaction between an acid and a base

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.14 — H+ + OH− → H2O (ionic)

Explain neutralisation in terms of H+ from the acid reacting with OH− from the alkali to form water

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.12 — Tests for H2 and CO2

Describe the chemical tests for hydrogen and for carbon dioxide (limewater)

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.11 — General acid reactions

Explain the general reactions of acids with metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates to produce salts

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.10 — Alkalis are soluble bases

Recall that alkalis are soluble bases

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.9 — Definition of base and neutralisation

Recall that a base reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only, and that alkalis are soluble bases

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.8 — Weak vs strong acids

Explain weak vs strong acids in terms of degree of ionisation

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.6 — Core Practical: pH change with Ca(OH)2/CaO and HCl

Investigate pH change when adding powdered calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide to fixed volume of dilute hydrochloric acid

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.7 — Dilute vs concentrated

Explain dilute and concentrated with respect to amount of substance in solution

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.4 — [H+] and pH relation (qualitative)

Higher [H+] lowers pH; higher [OH−] raises pH

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.5 — pH changes by factor of ten in [H+]

As [H+] increases by a factor of 10, pH decreases by 1

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.2 — pH scale basics

Recall neutral pH 7, acidic solutions lower pH, alkaline higher pH

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.3 — Indicators and colours

Recall effects of acids and alkalis on litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthalein

@27 September 2025 20:56

⚛️3.1 — Acids and alkalis defined by ions

Recall that acids in solution are sources of H+ and alkalis are sources of OH−

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.25 — Meaning of –ide and –ate

Explain the use of the endings –ide and –ate in the names of compounds

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.24 — Ion formation in groups 1, 2, 6, 7

Explain the formation of ions in ionic compounds from their atoms, limited to compounds of elements in groups 1, 2, 6 and 7

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.23 — Count p, n, e in ions

Calculate the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in simple ions given the atomic number and mass number

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.22 — Definition of an ion

Recall that an ion is an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.21 — Ionic bonds via electron transfer

Explain how ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms to produce cations and anions, including the use of dot and cross diagrams

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.19 — Predict e− configurations (first 20)

Predict the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements in the periodic table as diagrams and in the form, for example 2.8.1

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.20 — e− configuration relates to position

Explain how the electronic configuration of an element is related to its position in the periodic table

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.18 — Metals vs non‑metals by position and structure

Identify elements as metals or non‑metals according to their position in the periodic table, explaining this division in terms of the atomic structures of the elements

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.17 — Periods by Z, groups by properties

Describe that in the periodic table: a elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, in rows called periods; b elements with similar properties are placed in the same vertical columns called groups

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.16 — Atomic number: protons and position

Explain the meaning of atomic number of an element in terms of position in the periodic table and number of protons in the nucleus

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.15 — Isotopes explain anomalies in Mendeleev’s table

Explain that Dmitri Mendeleev thought he had arranged elements in order of increasing relative atomic mass but this was not always true because of the relative abundance of isotopes of some pairs of elements in the periodic table

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.14 — Mendeleev’s predictions

Describe how Dmitri Mendeleev used his table to predict the existence and properties of some elements not then discovered

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.12 — Calculate Ar from isotopic data

Calculate the relative atomic mass of an element from the relative masses and abundances of its isotopes

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.13 — Mendeleev’s arrangement

Describe how Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements, known at that time, in a periodic table by using properties of these elements and their compounds

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.11 — Isotopes and non‑integer Ar

Explain how the existence of isotopes results in relative atomic masses of some elements not being whole numbers

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.9 — Isotopes: same protons, different neutrons

Describe isotopes as different atoms of the same element containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.10 — Count p, n, e from Z and A

Calculate the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms given the atomic number and mass number

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.8 — Proton number defines element

Describe atoms of a given element as having the same number of protons in the nucleus and that this number is unique to that element

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.7 — Meaning of mass number

Recall the meaning of the term mass number of an atom

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.6 — Mass concentrated in nucleus

Recall that most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.5 — Tiny nucleus vs overall atom

Describe the nucleus of an atom as very small compared to the overall size of the atom

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.4 — Why atoms have equal protons and electrons

Explain why atoms contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.3 — Charges and masses of subatomic particles

Recall the relative charge and relative mass of: a a proton; b a neutron; c an electron

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.2 — Atomic structure: nucleus and shells

Describe the structure of an atom as a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells

@27 September 2025 20:56

🔑1.1 — Evolution of atomic model

Describe how the Dalton model of an atom has changed over time because of the discovery of subatomic particles

@27 September 2025 20:56

🟰0.2 — Write word equations

Evaluate the risks in a practical procedure and suggest suitable precautions for a range of practicals including those mentioned in the specification

@27 September 2025 20:55

🟰0.2 — Write word equations

Write balanced chemical equations, including the use of the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq)

@27 September 2025 20:55

🟰0.2 — Write word equations

Write word equations

@27 September 2025 20:55

🟰0.2 — Write word equations

Describe the use of hazard symbols on containers: a to indicate the dangers associated with the contents; b to inform people about safe‑working precautions with these substances in the laboratory

@27 September 2025 20:55

🟰0.2 — Write word equations

Write balanced ionic equations

@27 September 2025 20:55

⚗️1.41 — Limits of models: dot‑cross, ball‑stick, 2D, 3D

Describe the limitations of particular representations and models, to include dot and cross, ball and stick models and two‑ and three‑dimensional representations

@27 September 2025 20:45

⚗️1.34 — Properties of simple molecular compounds

Explain the properties of typical covalent, simple molecular compounds limited to: a low melting points and boiling points, in terms of forces between molecules (intermolecular forces); b poor conduction of electricity

@27 September 2025 20:44

⚗️1.44 — Empirical formula from masses or composition

Calculate the formulae of simple compounds from reacting masses or percentage composition and understand that these are empirical formulae

@27 September 2025 20:43

⚗️1.38 — Properties of fullerenes and graphene

Explain the properties of fullerenes including C60 and graphene in terms of their structures and bonding

@27 September 2025 20:43

⚗️1.29 — Covalent bonding forms molecules

Recall that covalent bonding results in the formation of molecules

@27 September 2025 20:43

⚗️1.53 — Deduce stoichiometry from masses

Deduce the stoichiometry of a reaction from the masses of the reactants and products

@27 September 2025 20:43

⚗️1.45 — Empirical vs molecular formulae

Deduce: a the empirical formula of a compound from the formula of its molecule; b the molecular formula of a compound from its empirical formula and its relative molecular mass

@27 September 2025 20:43

⚗️1.37 — Uses of graphite vs diamond explained

Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why graphite is used to make electrodes and as a lubricant, whereas diamond is used in cutting tools

@27 September 2025 20:42

⚗️1.49 — Concentration in g dm⁻3

Calculate the concentration of solutions in g dm–3

@27 September 2025 20:42

⚗️1.48 — Mass calculations from equations

Calculate masses of reactants and products from balanced equations, given the mass of one substance

@27 September 2025 20:42

⚗️1.52 — Limiting reactant controls yield

Explain why, in a reaction, the mass of product formed is controlled by the mass of the reactant which is not in excess

@27 September 2025 20:42

⚗️1.40 — Metal properties: malleable and conductive

Explain the properties of metals, including malleability and the ability to conduct electricity

@27 September 2025 20:42

⚗️1.36 — Structures of graphite and diamond

Describe the structures of graphite and diamond

@27 September 2025 20:42

⚗️1.26 — Deduce formulae of ionic compounds

Deduce the formulae of ionic compounds (including oxides, hydroxides, halides, nitrates, carbonates and sulfates) given the formulae of the constituent ions

@27 September 2025 20:42

⚗️1.30 — Typical sizes of atoms and small molecules

Recall the typical size (order of magnitude) of atoms and small molecules

@27 September 2025 20:42

🧪5.2C — Oxidation of metals is corrosion

Recall that oxidation of metals results in corrosion

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.7C — Uses of metals and alloys linked to properties

Explain how uses relate to properties for aluminium, copper, gold, and alloys including magnalium and brass

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.21C — Industrial conditions and trade-offs (Haber)

Explain how industrial reaction conditions, including the Haber process, are chosen based on raw materials, energy, temperature, pressure, and catalyst to get acceptable yield in acceptable time

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.5C — Why alloys are stronger

Explain using particle models why converting pure metals into alloys often increases strength

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.19C — Haber as reversible reaction

Describe the Haber process as a reversible reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.3C — Preventing rusting (exclude O2/H2O, sacrificial)

Explain rust prevention by excluding oxygen or water, or by sacrificial protection

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.6C — Alloy steels

Explain why iron is alloyed with other metals to produce alloy steels

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.14C — Atom economy (calculate)

Calculate the atom economy of a reaction forming a desired product

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.26C — Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell

Recall that hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell produce a voltage and water is the only product

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.1C — Transition metals: typical properties

Recall that most metals are transition metals; typical properties include high melting point, high density, coloured compounds, catalytic activity (e.g., iron)

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.12C — Why actual < theoretical

Describe reasons actual yield is less than theoretical: incomplete reactions, practical losses, side reactions

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.16C — Molar volume at RTP

Describe molar volume of a gas at RTP (24 dm³ or 24000 cm³ per mole)

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.20C — Rate of attainment of equilibrium

Predict how temperature, pressure, concentration and catalysts affect the rate of attainment of equilibrium

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.8C — Concentration in mol dm−3 and conversions

Calculate concentration in mol dm−3 and convert between g dm−3 and mol dm−3

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.15C — Choosing reaction pathway

Explain why a pathway is chosen given data on atom economy, yield, rate, equilibrium, usefulness of by‑products

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.17C — Use molar volume in gas–mass calculations

Use molar volume and balanced equations for masses of solids and volumes of gases

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.9C — Core Practical: accurate acid–alkali titration

Carry out an accurate titration using burette, pipette and suitable indicator

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.4C — Electroplating uses

Explain how electroplating improves appearance and/or corrosion resistance

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.25C — Chemical cells produce a voltage until reactants used

Recall that a chemical cell produces a voltage until one reactant is used up

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.10C — Use titration data to find unknown concentration/volume

Calculate an unknown concentration or required volume from titration results

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.23C — Ammonia + nitric acid → ammonium salt fertiliser

Describe how ammonia reacts with nitric acid to produce a fertiliser salt

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧪5.27C — Evaluate fuel cells

Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of fuel cells for given uses

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.10 — Interpret chromatograms and use Rf

Interpret a paper chromatogram to distinguish purity, identify substances by comparison, and calculate and use Rf values

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.5 — Pure in chemistry vs everyday use

Explain the difference between ‘pure’ in chemistry and its everyday use and between a pure substance and a mixture

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.9 — Paper chromatography basics

Describe paper chromatography as separation using a mobile phase and a stationary phase causing substances to move at different rates

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.11 — Core Practical: inks via distillation and chromatography

Core Practical: Investigate the composition of inks using simple distillation and paper chromatography

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.12 — Potable water and analytical-grade water

Describe how waste and ground water is made potable (sedimentation, filtration, chlorination); seawater via distillation; analysis water must be salt‑free

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.1 — Particle arrangement, movement, energy in solids, liquids, gases

Describe the arrangement, movement and the relative energy of particles in each of the three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.4 — Predict physical state from data

Predict the physical state of a substance under specified conditions, given suitable data

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.8 — Choose separation technique from properties

Describe an appropriate experimental technique to separate a mixture, given the properties of its components

@27 September 2025 20:38

🧊2.7 — Separation techniques overview

Explain the types of mixtures separated by simple distillation, fractional distillation, filtration, crystallisation and paper chromatography

@27 September 2025 20:37

🧪5.11C — Percentage yield

Calculate percentage yield from actual and theoretical yield

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧪5.18C — Use Avogadro’s law for gaseous volumes

Use Avogadro’s law to calculate gas volumes in gaseous reactions

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧪5.22C — Fertilisers N P K

Recall that fertilisers may contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds to promote plant growth

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧪5.13C — Atom economy (recall)

Recall the definition of atom economy for a desired product

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧪5.24C — Lab vs industrial production of ammonium sulfate

Describe and compare the small‑scale lab preparation of ammonium sulfate with the multi‑stage industrial production

@27 September 2025 20:36

🧫9.26C — Alcohols: formulae and structures (C1–C4)

Recall formulae and draw structures for methanol, ethanol, propan‑1‑ol, butan‑1‑ol; functional group is –OH

@27 September 2025 20:34

🔥7.2 — Practical methods for determining rate

Suggest practical methods to determine rates of reaction

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.7 — Catalysts and activation energy

Explain that catalysts increase rate by lowering activation energy

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.8 — Enzymes as biological catalysts

Recall that enzymes are biological catalysts and used in producing alcoholic drinks

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.6 — What is a catalyst

Describe a catalyst as speeding the reaction without being chemically changed at the end

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.1 — Core Practical: rate by gas volume and colour change

Investigate effects of changing conditions by measuring gas production (HCl + marble chips) and observing colour change (Na2S2O3 + HCl)

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.9 — Temperature changes with dissolving, neutralisation, displacement, precipitation

Recall that heat energy changes accompany salts dissolving, neutralisation, displacement and precipitation; temperature changes reflect heat change in solution

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.15 — Activation energy

Explain the term activation energy

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.4 — Effects of temperature, concentration, surface area, pressure

Explain how these factors affect rate using collision frequency and energy

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.12 — Bond breaking and making

Recall that breaking bonds is endothermic and making bonds is exothermic

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.13 — Overall energy change explanation

Recall overall change is exothermic if more energy released in making bonds than required to break bonds, and endothermic if less

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.14 — Calculate energy change from bond energies

Calculate energy change in a reaction given bond energies (kJ mol−1)

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.10 — Define exothermic

Describe an exothermic change as one in which heat energy is given out

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.3 — Collision theory basics

Explain that reactions occur on particle collision and that rate increases with frequency and/or energy of collisions

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.5 — Interpret rate graphs

Interpret graphs of mass, volume or concentration vs time

@27 September 2025 20:32

🔥7.16 — Reaction profiles

Draw and label reaction profiles for endothermic and exothermic reactions, identifying activation energy

@27 September 2025 20:31

🔥7.11 — Define endothermic

Describe an endothermic change as one in which heat energy is taken in

@27 September 2025 20:31

🌍8.26 — Today’s atmosphere, effects and mitigation

Describe today’s atmospheric composition, potential climate effects of increased CO2 and CH4 from human activity, and that effects may be mitigated with consideration of scale, risk and environmental implications

@27 September 2025 20:30

🧊2.6 — Distinguish pure vs mixture by melting data

Interpret melting point data to distinguish between pure substances with sharp melting points and mixtures that melt over a range

@27 September 2025 20:21

🧊2.3 — Changes during interconversions

Explain the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of particles during these interconversions

@27 September 2025 20:21

🧊2.2 — Names of interconversions and physical vs chemical change

Recall the names used for the interconversions between the three states of matter and recognise these as physical changes

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.3 — Reactivity series and tendency to form cations

Explain the reactivity series in terms of metals’ reactions and their tendency to form cations

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.5 — Oxidation is gain of oxygen; reduction is loss of oxygen

Explain oxidation as gain of oxygen and reduction as loss of oxygen

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.8 — Biological extraction methods

Evaluate alternative biological methods of metal extraction (bacterial and phytoextraction)

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.11 — Life-cycle assessment definition

Describe that an LCA considers raw materials, manufacturing, use, and disposal

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.4 — Metals in ores vs native

Recall most metals are extracted from ores; unreactive metals occur native

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.13 — Reversible reactions and ⇌

Recall that some reactions are reversible and use ⇌; direction can change with conditions

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.9 — Resistance to oxidation vs position

Explain how a metal’s relative resistance to oxidation relates to its position in the reactivity series

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.1 — Deduce reactivity from reactions

Deduce relative reactivity of metals from reactions with water, acids and salt solutions

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.17 — Predict shifts with temperature, pressure, concentration

Predict how changes in temperature, pressure and concentration affect the position of equilibrium

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.10 — Advantages of recycling metals

Evaluate advantages of recycling metals, including economics, environment, and preserving raw materials

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.2 — Displacement as redox

Explain displacement reactions as redox in terms of electron transfer

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.6 — Extraction involves reduction of ores

Recall that extraction of metals involves reduction of metal compounds in ores

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.14 — Dynamic equilibrium meaning

Explain what is meant by dynamic equilibrium

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.16 — Haber process conditions

Recall Haber conditions: 450 °C, 200 atm, iron catalyst

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.15 — Ammonia formation is reversible and can reach equilibrium

Describe formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen as a reversible reaction that can reach dynamic equilibrium

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.12 — Evaluate LCA data

Evaluate data from a life-cycle assessment of a product

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚒️4.7 — Methods of extraction by position in series and cost

Explain choice of extraction method, e.g., heating with carbon (iron) or electrolysis (aluminium), considering reactivity and cost

@27 September 2025 20:21

⚛️3.26 — Predict products for other molten binary ionic compounds

Predict electrolysis products for other molten binary ionic compounds

@27 September 2025 20:14

3.27 — Write half-equations at anode and cathode

Write electrode half-equations for electrolysis reactions

@27 September 2025 20:10

3.31 — Core Practical: electrolysis of copper sulfate (inert and copper electrodes)

Investigate the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution with inert electrodes and with copper electrodes

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.35 — Graphite and diamond as giant covalent

Recall that graphite and diamond are different forms of carbon and that they are examples of giant covalent substances

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.28 — Covalent bond: shared pair

Explain how a covalent bond is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.46 — Experiment to determine empirical formula

Describe an experiment to determine the empirical formula of a simple compound such as magnesium oxide

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.32 — Types of substance, structure, bonding, properties

Explain why elements and compounds can be classified as: a ionic; b simple molecular (covalent); c giant covalent; d metallic; and how the structure and bonding of these types of substances results in different physical properties, including relative melting point and boiling point, relative solubility in water and ability to conduct electricity (as solids and in solution)

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.43 — Mr and % by mass calculations

Calculate: a relative formula mass given relative atomic masses; b percentage by mass of an element in a compound given relative atomic masses

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.47 — Conservation of mass in closed vs open systems

Explain the law of conservation of mass applied to: a a closed system including a precipitation reaction in a closed flask; b a non‑enclosed system including a reaction in an open flask that takes in or gives out a gas

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.39 — Simple polymers: long carbon chains

Describe, using poly(ethene) as the example, that simple polymers consist of large molecules containing chains of carbon atoms

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.31 — Form simple molecular substances (dot and cross)

Explain the formation of simple molecular, covalent substances, using dot and cross diagrams, including: a hydrogen; b hydrogen chloride; c water; d methane; e oxygen; f carbon dioxide

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.33 — Properties of ionic compounds

Explain the properties of ionic compounds limited to: a high melting points and boiling points, in terms of forces between ions; b whether or not they conduct electricity as solids, when molten and in aqueous solution

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.42 — General properties of metals vs non‑metals

Describe most metals as shiny solids which have high melting points, high density and are good conductors of electricity whereas most non‑metals have low boiling points and are poor conductors of electricity

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.50 — Definition of a mole

Recall that one mole of particles of a substance is defined as: a the Avogadro constant number of particles (6.02 × 10^23 atoms, molecules, formulae or ions) of that substance; b a mass of ‘relative particle mass’ g

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.51 — Mole, particles, mass conversions

Calculate the number of: a moles of particles of a substance in a given mass of that substance and vice versa; b particles of a substance in a given number of moles of that substance and vice versa; c particles of a substance in a given mass of that substance and vice versa

@27 September 2025 20:10

3.28 — Oxidation and reduction as electron transfer

Explain oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons

@27 September 2025 20:10

1.27 — Ionic lattice and strong electrostatic forces

Explain the structure of an ionic compound as a lattice structure: a consisting of a regular arrangement of ions; b held together by strong electrostatic forces (ionic bonds) between oppositely‑charged ions

@27 September 2025 20:10

3.30 — Electrolysis with copper electrodes (purification)

Explain the products in electrolysis of copper sulfate using copper electrodes and how it purifies copper

@27 September 2025 20:10

3.29 — Electrolysis sites of redox

Recall that reduction occurs at the cathode and oxidation occurs at the anode in electrolysis reactions

@27 September 2025 20:10

9.16B — Indicator species for pollution (water and air)

Objective: Evaluate indicator species as evidence of pollution in water and air. Exemplar Q: Name one indicator of clean water and one of polluted water, and what each indicates.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.14 — Water cycle and potable water; desalination

Objective: Explain the water cycle and methods of producing potable water, including desalination. Use of maths: interpret process flow diagrams. Exemplar Q: Describe two stages used to make seawater potable.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.15 — Nitrates for plants: fertilisers, rotation, bacteria

Objective: Explain how nitrates become available to plants via fertilisers, crop rotation, and nitrogen-fixing/nitrifying bacteria. Exemplar Q: State one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial fertilisers.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.19B — Rate changes in decay of biological material

Objective: Calculate rate changes in decay of biological material. Use of maths: rate = Δmass ÷ Δtime; interpret decay graphs. Exemplar Q: A sample loses 12% mass in 6 days. Calculate average rate per day.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.13 — Carbon cycle and decomposers

Objective: Explain processes in the carbon cycle and the role of decomposers. Exemplar Q: Explain how combustion and deforestation affect atmospheric CO₂ levels.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.12 — Cycling of materials through ecosystems

Objective: Describe cycling of materials between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Exemplar Q: Give one way decomposers contribute to material cycling.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.9 — Human impacts: fish farming, invasives, eutrophication

Objective: Explain positive and negative human impacts (fish farming, invasive species, eutrophication) on biodiversity. Exemplar Q: Explain how nutrient runoff can lead to fish kills in lakes.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.10 — Benefits of biodiversity and reforestation

Objective: Explain benefits of biodiversity and the role of reforestation. Exemplar Q: Give two reasons why high biodiversity benefits ecosystem stability.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.7B — Energy transfer and pyramids of biomass

Objective: Explain energy loss at trophic levels and how this shapes biomass pyramids and food chains. Exemplar Q: State two ways energy is lost between trophic levels.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.8B — Calculate efficiency of energy transfers and biomass %

Objective: Calculate efficiency of energy transfer and percentage biomass at trophic levels. Use of maths: efficiency = (output/input) × 100. Exemplar Q: If only 8 kJ of 80 kJ is transferred, calculate efficiency.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.11B — Biological factors affecting food security

Objective: Describe biological factors affecting food security (population growth, farming intensity, pests/pathogens, environmental change, sustainability). Exemplar Q: Explain one challenge to global food security and a possible mitigation.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.10 — Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Objective: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of substrates, products and energy yield. Use of maths: simple energy comparisons. Exemplar Q: Write balanced word equations for aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.2 — Abiotic and biotic factors affecting communities

Objective: Explain how abiotic (temperature, light, water, pollutants) and biotic (competition, predation) factors affect communities. Exemplar Q: Describe how a drop in water availability can change a plant community.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.12 — Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate

Objective: Use and manipulate cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate. Use of maths: substitution and unit handling. Exemplar Q: A heart rate is 72 bpm and stroke volume is 70 mL. Calculate cardiac output in L/min.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.11 — Core Practical: Rate of respiration in living organisms

Objective: Investigate the rate of respiration in living organisms using a respirometer. Use of maths: calculate rates from distance moved per time, control variables and temperature. Exemplar Q: Describe how temperature affects oxygen uptake in small organisms.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.5 — Core Practical: Fieldwork with quadrats and transects

Objective: Use quadrats and belt transects to investigate distribution and abundance. Use of maths: sampling strategies, calculating mean density and percentage cover, presenting data in tables and graphs. Exemplar Q: Describe how you would use a belt transect to compare plant abundance from shade to sun.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.1 — Levels of organisation: organisms to ecosystems

Objective: Define levels of organisation from organism to ecosystem. Exemplar Q: Put these in order from smallest to largest: community, population, organism, ecosystem.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.4 — Parasitism and mutualism

Objective: Describe parasitism and mutualism with examples. Exemplar Q: Give one example of parasitism and one of mutualism and explain the relationship.

@27 September 2025 22:47

9.3 — Interdependence

Objective: Explain interdependence in a community and consequences of disruptions. Exemplar Q: Explain how removing a top predator could affect plant populations.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.9 — Cellular respiration as exothermic; aerobic vs anaerobic

Objective: Describe cellular respiration as an exothermic process; outline aerobic vs anaerobic pathways. Exemplar Q: Explain why respiration is described as exothermic.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.8 — Heart structure and circulation; valves and chamber walls

Objective: Relate heart anatomy to function, including valves and chamber wall thickness and major vessels. Exemplar Q: Explain why the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.6 — Blood components and functions

Objective: Explain how red cells, white cells, plasma and platelets are adapted to their functions. Exemplar Q: Describe two adaptations of red blood cells and their benefits.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.3 — Alveoli adaptations for diffusion

Objective: Explain alveolar adaptations that maximise diffusion (large SA, thin barrier, moist surface, rich blood supply). Exemplar Q: State two adaptations of alveoli and how they increase gas exchange.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.5B — Calculate diffusion rate using Fick’s law

Objective: Calculate diffusion rate using Fick’s law; interpret proportionality. Use of maths: substitute values and handle units. Exemplar Q: If surface area doubles and thickness halves, how does diffusion rate change?

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.2 — Exchange surfaces and transport systems; SA:V

Objective: Explain why multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces and a transport system; calculate surface area:volume (SA:V) ratios. Use of maths: SA:V calculations and comparisons. Exemplar Q: A cube cell has side 2 mm. Calculate its SA:V.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.4B — Factors affecting diffusion rate

Objective: Describe factors affecting diffusion rate: surface area, concentration gradient, diffusion distance. Exemplar Q: Explain how emphysema affects gas exchange using diffusion factors.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.7 — Blood vessels structure vs function

Objective: Link structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions. Exemplar Q: Explain why capillaries have thin walls and a narrow lumen.

@27 September 2025 22:47

8.1 — Substances exchanged; examples incl. urea, gases, ions

Objective: Describe substances exchanged in organisms, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, dissolved foods, mineral ions and urea. Exemplar Q: State two substances exchanged between blood and tissues at capillaries.

@27 September 2025 22:47

7.22B — Urea formation from amino acids in the liver

Objective: State that urea is produced in the liver from deamination of excess amino acids. Exemplar Q: Explain why high-protein diets can increase urea production.

@27 September 2025 22:47

7.20B — ADH and collecting duct permeability

Objective: Explain how ADH alters collecting duct permeability to regulate water content (negative feedback). Exemplar Q: Describe what happens to ADH levels and urine concentration when dehydrated.

@27 September 2025 22:47

7.21B — Kidney failure treatments: dialysis and transplant

Objective: Describe treatments for kidney failure: dialysis and kidney transplant, with pros and cons. Exemplar Q: Give one advantage of transplant over dialysis and one disadvantage.

@27 September 2025 22:47

7.8 — ART: IVF and clomifene therapy

Objective: Explain how clomifene and IVF are used in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) to treat infertility. Exemplar Q: Outline the steps of IVF and explain how FSH and LH are used.

@27 September 2025 22:47

7.4 — Menstrual cycle stages; roles of oestrogen and progesterone

Objective: Describe stages of the menstrual cycle and roles of oestrogen and progesterone. Exemplar Q: Outline how oestrogen and progesterone levels change across the cycle and their effects.

@27 September 2025 22:47

6.16B — Commercial uses of auxins, gibberellins, ethene

Objective: Describe commercial uses of plant hormones: auxins in weedkillers and rooting powders, gibberellins in germination, fruit and flower formation and seedless fruit, ethene in fruit ripening. Exemplar Q: Explain how auxin weedkillers selectively kill broad‑leaved weeds.

@27 September 2025 22:47

7.3 — Thyroxine and negative feedback

Objective: Explain thyroxine control of metabolic rate via negative feedback (TRH → TSH → thyroxine; thyroxine inhibits TRH/TSH when normal). Use of maths: interpret simple feedback graphs. Exemplar Q: Describe what happens to TRH and TSH when thyroxine levels drop.

@27 September 2025 22:47

7.2 — Adrenaline: fight-or-flight responses

Objective: Explain how adrenaline prepares the body for fight‑or‑flight: increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, and raised blood sugar via glycogenolysis. Exemplar Q: Describe two physiological changes caused by adrenaline and their benefits.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.5 — Genome and gene definitions

Objective: Define genome and gene. Exemplar Q: Define a gene.

@27 September 2025 22:47

2.16B — Eye defects: cataracts, myopia, hyperopia, colour blindness

Objective: Describe eye defects: cataracts, myopia, hyperopia, colour blindness. Exemplar Q: State how myopia affects image focus and one cause.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.10B — Coding DNA variants altering amino acids and proteins

Objective: Explain how coding variants alter amino acids and protein activity. Exemplar Q: Explain how a missense mutation could affect an enzyme’s active site.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.1B — Asexual reproduction: pros and cons

Objective: Evaluate asexual reproduction advantages and disadvantages. Exemplar Q: Give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.8B — Protein synthesis: transcription and translation steps

Objective: Describe protein synthesis: transcription and translation. Exemplar Q: Describe the role of mRNA and tRNA in protein synthesis.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.3 — Meiosis and haploid gametes

Objective: Explain meiosis producing four genetically different haploid gametes. Exemplar Q: State the chromosome number change in meiosis.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.2B — Sexual reproduction: pros and cons

Objective: Evaluate sexual reproduction advantages and disadvantages. Exemplar Q: Explain how sexual reproduction increases variation.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.7B — Base order determines amino acid order and protein shape

Objective: Explain how base order determines amino acid order and protein shape. Exemplar Q: Explain why a change in base sequence can change protein function.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.9B — Non-coding DNA variants affecting RNA polymerase binding

Objective: Explain how non-coding DNA variants can affect phenotype via RNA polymerase binding. Exemplar Q: Describe one way a promoter variant may alter protein levels.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.11B — Mendel’s work and historical challenges

Objective: Describe Mendel’s work and why inheritance was hard to understand before DNA. Exemplar Q: State one conclusion from Mendel’s pea experiments.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.12 — Alleles cause inherited differences

Objective: Explain how alleles cause differences in inherited characteristics. Exemplar Q: Define allele and give one example in humans.

@27 September 2025 22:47

2.17B — Correcting eye defects: lenses, surgery

Objective: Explain corrections for cataracts, long- and short-sightedness. Exemplar Q: Explain how a concave lens corrects short‑sightedness.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.4 — DNA structure, bases, nucleotides, hydrogen bonds

Objective: Describe DNA structure: double helix, complementary base pairs, nucleotides. Exemplar Q: Name the four DNA bases and pairing rules.

@27 September 2025 22:47

3.6 — Extracting DNA from fruit

Objective: Outline a method to extract DNA from fruit. Exemplar Q: State the role of detergent and salt in DNA extraction.

@27 September 2025 22:47

2.15B — The eye: cornea, lens, iris, retina (rods, cones)

Objective: Describe the structure and function of the eye incl. cornea, lens, iris, retina (rods and cones). Exemplar Q: Explain the roles of rods versus cones.

@27 September 2025 22:16

2.14 — Reflex arcs

Objective: Describe the structure and pathway of a reflex arc. Exemplar Q: Outline the reflex pathway when touching a hot object.

@27 September 2025 22:16

2.10B — Brain structures: cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla

Objective: Describe cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla functions. Exemplar Q: State one function of the cerebellum and one of the medulla.

@27 September 2025 22:16

2.11B — CT and PET scanning to investigate brain function

Objective: Explain how CT and PET scans investigate brain function and their limitations. Exemplar Q: Give one advantage and one limitation of PET scans.

@27 September 2025 22:16

2.12B — Limits in treating brain and spinal cord damage

Objective: Explain limitations in treating brain and spinal cord injuries. Exemplar Q: Explain why spinal cord damage is often difficult to repair.

@27 September 2025 22:16

2.13 — Neurones and synapses; neurotransmitters

Objective: Describe sensory, relay and motor neurones and synapses. Exemplar Q: Explain how neurotransmitters transmit an impulse across a synapse.

@27 September 2025 22:16

2.9 — Benefits and risks of stem cells in medicine

Objective: Evaluate benefits and risks of stem cell use in medicine. Exemplar Q: Describe one therapeutic use of stem cells and one ethical or clinical risk.

@27 September 2025 22:16

2.8 — Embryonic and adult stem cells; plant meristems

Objective: Describe embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and plant meristems. Exemplar Q: Explain one medical use of stem cells and one associated risk.

@27 September 2025 22:15

2.7 — Percentile charts to monitor growth

Objective: Use percentile charts to monitor growth and identify outliers. Use of maths: read percentiles. Exemplar Q: A child’s mass is on the 25th percentile. Explain what this means.

@27 September 2025 22:15

2.3 — Mitosis produces genetically identical diploid cells

Objective: Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells. Exemplar Q: Define diploid and explain why daughter cells of mitosis are genetically identical.

@27 September 2025 22:15

2.6 — Importance of cell differentiation

Objective: Explain the importance of cell differentiation in forming specialised cells. Exemplar Q: Give one example of a specialised cell and how differentiation produces it.

@27 September 2025 22:15

2.5 — Growth: animals vs plants; division, elongation, differentiation

Objective: Compare growth in animals and plants: division, elongation, differentiation. Use of maths: interpret growth curves. Exemplar Q: Describe how plant growth differs from animal growth.

@27 September 2025 22:15

2.4 — Cancer and uncontrolled cell division

Objective: Describe cancer as uncontrolled cell division and relate to the cell cycle. Exemplar Q: Explain how mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell division.

@27 September 2025 22:15

2.2 — Importance of mitosis in growth, repair, asexual reproduction

Objective: Explain the importance of mitosis in growth, repair and asexual reproduction. Exemplar Q: Give one example in the body where mitosis is essential and explain why.

@27 September 2025 22:14

2.1 — Mitosis stages and cell cycle

Objective: Describe and sequence mitosis stages and the cell cycle. Exemplar Q: Outline the events of mitosis from prophase to cytokinesis.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.17 — Calculate % mass change in osmosis

Objective: Calculate percentage gain or loss of mass in osmosis. Use of maths: % change = (final − initial)/initial × 100. Exemplar Q: A chip increases from 2.00 g to 2.18 g. Calculate % change.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.16 — Core Practical: Osmosis in potatoes

Objective: Investigate osmosis in potatoes and determine concentration from % mass change. Use of maths: plot % change vs concentration to find isotonic point. Exemplar Q: Identify the sucrose concentration where % mass change is zero.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.15 — Transport: diffusion, osmosis, active transport

Objective: Compare diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Use of maths: percentage changes and gradient concepts. Exemplar Q: Define osmosis and state two ways it differs from diffusion.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.14B — Measuring energy in food by calorimetry

Objective: Measure energy content of foods using calorimetry. Use of maths: Q = m c ΔT; energy per gram. Exemplar Q: A 1.5 g crisp heats 100 g water by 12 °C. Estimate energy per gram (assume c = 4.2 J g⁻¹ °C⁻¹).

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.13B — Core Practical: Food tests (starch, sugars, protein, fats)

Objective: Identify starch, reducing sugars, proteins, and fats using reagents. Use of maths: record and tabulate results. Exemplar Q: State the positive result for Benedict’s test and what it shows.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.12 — Role of enzymes in synthesis and digestion of biomolecules

Objective: Explain the role of enzymes in synthesis and digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Exemplar Q: Outline how lipase aids fat digestion and the products formed.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.10 — Core Practical: Effect of pH on enzyme activity

Objective: Investigate pH effects on enzyme activity using continuous sampling. Use of maths: calculate rate from time-course data. Exemplar Q: Calculate initial rate from data points in an iodine–starch assay.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.9 — Factors affecting enzymes: temperature, substrate, pH

Objective: Describe and predict effects of temperature, substrate concentration and pH on enzyme activity. Use of maths: plot and interpret rate graphs. Exemplar Q: Sketch and label the expected rate–pH curve for amylase.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.8 — Enzyme denaturation and active site shape

Objective: Explain denaturation and how temperature/pH alter active site shape. Use of maths: interpret rate–temperature/pH graphs. Exemplar Q: Describe how high temperature affects enzyme structure and activity.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.11 — Rate calculations for enzyme activity

Objective: Calculate rates of enzyme activity from experimental data. Use of maths: rate = Δquantity ÷ Δtime; units. Exemplar Q: An enzyme releases 120 µmol product in 4 min. Calculate the rate in µmol min⁻¹.

@27 September 2025 22:13

1.7 — Enzymes: active site and specificity

Objective: Describe enzyme action with reference to active site and specificity. Use of maths: rate as change in quantity per time. Exemplar Q: Explain why enzymes are specific for their substrates.

@27 September 2025 22:12

1.5 — Quantitative units: milli, micro, nano, pico; standard form

Objective: Convert between units and use standard form for biological measurements. Use of maths: milli (10^-3), micro (10^-6), nano (10^-9), pico (10^-12); standard form conversions. Exemplar Q: Convert 2.5 × 10^-6 m to µm and nm.

@27 September 2025 22:12

1.4 — Number, size, and scale; estimations

Objective: Use estimations to reason about biological size and scale. Use of maths: estimation strategies; translating between numerical and graphical representations. Exemplar Q: Explain why estimation is useful when working with microscopic scales.

@27 September 2025 22:12

1.6 — Core Practical: Microscopy and magnification

Objective: Carry out light microscopy, calculate magnification, and produce labelled scientific drawings. Use of maths: magnification = image size ÷ actual size; scale bars. Exemplar Q: A cell image is 40 mm wide at ×400. Estimate its actual width in µm.

@27 September 2025 22:12

1.3 — Microscopes: light vs electron; impact on understanding

Objective: Explain how improvements in light and electron microscopes increased resolution and understanding of cell ultrastructure. Exemplar Q: Explain one way electron microscopes advanced our understanding of cells.

@27 September 2025 22:12

1.2 — Specialised cells: sperm, egg, ciliated epithelial

Objective: Explain how sperm, egg and ciliated epithelial cells are adapted to their functions. Use of maths: scale drawings with correct units. Exemplar Q: Describe two adaptations of a sperm cell and explain how they aid fertilisation.

@27 September 2025 22:12

1.1 — Sub-cellular structures and functions (animal, plant, bacteria)

Objective: Identify sub-cellular structures in animal, plant and bacterial cells and relate structure to function. Use of maths: standard form and unit prefixes for scale (mm, µm, nm). Exemplar Q: State two differences between plant and animal cells.

@27 September 2025 22:11

🌍B9 — Ecosystems and material cycles

Unit overview: Ecology and cycles. Outcomes: use fieldwork methods to estimate abundance, interpret energy transfer and pyramids (Higher), explain carbon/water/nitrogen cycles, and evaluate biodiversity impacts and indicator species. Core practical included.

@27 September 2025 22:11

🫁B8 — Exchange and transport in animals

Unit overview: Gas exchange, blood and circulation, and respiration. Outcomes: relate SA:V to exchange, describe lungs and circulation, compare aerobic vs anaerobic respiration, and calculate cardiac output. Core practical included.

@27 September 2025 22:11

🫀B7 — Animal coordination, control and homeostasis

Unit overview: Hormones, reproduction, and homeostasis. Outcomes: describe endocrine control incl. adrenaline/thyroxine, explain menstrual regulation and contraception, outline ART, glucose control and diabetes, and kidney regulation including ADH (Higher).

@27 September 2025 22:11

🧪B5 — Health, disease and the development of medicines

Unit overview: Disease, immunity, medicines, and public health. Outcomes: classify pathogens and transmission, explain immune responses and immunisation, apply aseptic techniques and zone area calculations, evaluate CVD treatments and lifestyle risks. Core practical included.

@27 September 2025 22:11

🌿B6 — Plant structures and their functions

Unit overview: Plant transport, photosynthesis, and control. Outcomes: analyse limiting factors and inverse square law, describe xylem/phloem, explain transpiration/translocation, and outline plant hormones and commercial uses (Higher). Core practical included.

@27 September 2025 22:11

🦴B4 — Natural selection and genetic modification

Unit overview: Evolution, classification, and biotechnology. Outcomes: explain natural selection and resistance, interpret evolutionary evidence, compare selective breeding vs genetic engineering, and evaluate benefits/risks; include tissue culture (Higher).

@27 September 2025 22:11

🧬B3 — Genetics

Unit overview: Inheritance and molecular biology. Outcomes: describe DNA and the genome, explain meiosis, use Punnett squares and pedigrees, calculate probabilities/ratios, and outline protein synthesis and effects of variants (Higher).

@27 September 2025 22:11

🧠B2 — Cells and control

Unit overview: Cell division, growth and differentiation; nervous system, reflexes and senses (incl. higher-tier eye content). Outcomes: describe mitosis and growth patterns, interpret percentiles, explain neurones and synapses, and apply reflex and eye corrections.

@27 September 2025 22:11

🧬B1 — Key concepts in biology

Unit overview: Core biological concepts used across the course. Focus: cells, enzymes, transport, and required practicals (microscopy, enzymes, osmosis, food tests). Outcomes: define key terms, carry out core practical methods, analyse rate and % change.

@27 September 2025 22:09

9.18B — Factors affecting decomposition in composting

@27 September 2025 22:08

9.17B — Factors affecting decomposition for food preservation

@27 September 2025 22:08

9.6 — Determine abundance from fieldwork data

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.18B — Urinary system structure

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.17 — Correlation of BMI/waist:hip and Type 2 diabetes

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.19B — Nephron structure and function

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.16 — Type 2 diabetes: cause and control

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.11B — Skin structure and role in thermoregulation

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.9 — Homeostasis importance

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.14 — Glucagon regulation of blood glucose

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.12B — Shivering, vasoconstriction, vasodilation

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.10B — Importance of thermoregulation and osmoregulation

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.15 — Type 1 diabetes: cause and control

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.13 — Insulin control of blood glucose

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.1 — Endocrine glands and transport of hormones

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.5 — Interactions of FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.6 — Hormonal contraception and prevention of pregnancy

@27 September 2025 22:08

7.7 — Evaluate hormonal and barrier contraception

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.15B — Plant hormones and tropisms (auxin)

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.8 — Xylem and phloem structures and functions

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.13 — Rate calculations for transpiration

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.14B — Plant adaptations to extreme environments

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.12 — Environmental factors and water uptake rate

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.10 — Translocation of sucrose

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.9 — Transpiration and stomata

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.11B — Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis and gas exchange

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.2 — Photosynthesis as an endothermic reaction

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.3 — Limiting factors: temperature, light, CO₂

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.25 — Evaluate treatments for CVD: medication, surgery, lifestyle

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.4 — Interactions of limiting factors; interpreting curves

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.5 — Core Practical: Light intensity effect on photosynthesis

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.7 — Root hair cells adaptations for absorption

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.1 — Photosynthetic organisms as producers of biomass

@27 September 2025 22:08

6.6 — Inverse square law and proportionality for light intensity

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.22B — Uses of monoclonal antibodies: tests, diagnosis, treatment

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.23 — Multifactorial causes of non-communicable diseases

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.24 — Lifestyle factors: BMI, waist:hip; alcohol; smoking (local to global)

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.19B — Calculate cross-sectional areas of inhibition zones (πr²)

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.18B — Core Practical: Effects of antiseptics/antibiotics/plant extracts

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.20 — Stages of medicine development and testing

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.21B — Production of monoclonal antibodies (hybridomas)

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.17B — Aseptic techniques for culturing microorganisms

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.9B — Plant physical defences: cuticle, cell wall

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.12 — Human physical and chemical barriers

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.11B — Diagnosing plant diseases: field and lab methods

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.10B — Plant chemical defences and human uses

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.15B — Pros and cons of immunisation; herd immunity

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.14 — Immunisation and secondary response

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.13 — Specific immune response and memory lymphocytes

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.16 — Antibiotics treat bacteria only; mode of action

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.6 — Transmission routes and prevention for major diseases

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.7B — Virus lifecycles: lysogenic and lytic

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.5 — Common infections: cholera, TB, Chalara, malaria, HIV, H. pylori, Ebola

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.4 — Pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.8 — STIs: Chlamydia and HIV; spread and prevention

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.2 — Communicable vs non-communicable diseases

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.1 — WHO definition of health

@27 September 2025 22:08

5.3 — One disease increasing susceptibility to others

@27 September 2025 22:08

4.14 — Evaluate benefits and risks of GE and selective breeding

@27 September 2025 22:08

4.11 — Genetic engineering stages: restriction enzymes, ligase, sticky ends, vectors

@27 September 2025 22:08

4.13B — Agriculture for population growth: fertilisers, biological control

@27 September 2025 22:08

4.12B — GM crops: Bt genes; pros and cons

@27 September 2025 22:08

4.10 — Genetic engineering overview

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.9B — Tissue culture and advantages

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.5 — Stone tools as evidence; dating methods

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.2 — Darwin’s theory of natural selection

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.7 — Three-domain system from genetic analysis

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.1B — Darwin and Wallace; impact on modern biology

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.4 — Fossil evidence for human evolution: Ardi, Lucy, Leakey

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.6B — Pentadactyl limb as evidence for evolution

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.3 — Resistant organisms; antibiotic resistance in bacteria

@27 September 2025 22:07

4.8 — Selective breeding in plants and animals

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.17B — ABO blood groups: codominance and multiple alleles

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.21 — Human Genome Project outcomes and applications

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.23 — Effects of mutations on phenotype

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.14 — Monohybrid inheritance: diagrams, Punnett, pedigrees

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.22 — Genetic variation and mutations in populations

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.13 — Key terms: chromosome, gene, allele, genotype, phenotype...

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.20 — Variation: genetic and environmental

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.19 — Most phenotypes are polygenic

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.18B — Sex-linked disorders inheritance

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.15 — Sex determination at fertilisation

@27 September 2025 22:07

3.16 — Probabilities, ratios, percentages in monohybrid crosses

@27 September 2025 22:07